Utilidad en la prevención, tratamiento y pronóstico de la medicina de precisión en oncología
Usefulness of precision medicine in improving prevention, treatment and prognosis in oncology
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Introducción: El desarrollo de la genética en las últimas décadas ha abierto una nueva era. La medicina de precisión ha aprovechado estos avances para desempeñar un papel cada vez más importante en la prevención, el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de la medicina de precisión en la prevención, tratamiento y pronóstico en oncología. Discusión: los estudios de la carcinogénesis han llevado al descubrimiento de eventos cruciales en el desarrollo de neoplasias malignas, identificando subtipos distintos de varios tumores comunes desde el punto de vista molecular. Con ello se ha logrado una mejor caracterización de los tumores que antes solo dependía de los hallazgos histopatológicos y el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos, generando cambios en el paradigma de la atención del paciente oncológico. La identificación de mutaciones que pueden predisponer al cáncer como las mutaciones BRCA en el cáncer de mama, ha facilitado el cribado para identificar pacientes para ayudar a tomar decisiones y modificar el riesgo. Conclusiones: la eficacia de varias terapias antitumorales sugiere el inicio de una era en la que las acciones preventivas y decisiones clínicas estarán basadas en el perfil de anomalías genéticas del tumor, mejorando el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Esto conducirá a que cada vez sea más frecuente este tipo de tratamiento de precisión basado en el perfil de cambios genéticos.
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