Polineuropatía y miopatía en el paciente crítico. Revisión de la literatura

Polyneuropathy and myopathy in the critical patient. Review of the literature

La polineuropatía y la miopatía del paciente crítico son complicaciones frecuentes en la UCI que se caracterizan por debilidad muscular generalizada incluyendo la limitación en el destete de la ventilación mecánica, prolongando la estancia hospitalaria y el riesgo de otras complicaciones. Causan discapacidad crónica en los sobrevivientes de la enfermedad crítica debido a cambios funcionales y estructurales en las fibras nerviosas y musculares resultando en la degeneración del nervio axonal, pérdida de miosina del músculo, hipoxia celular y necrosis muscular, lo que conduce a la inexcitabilidad eléctrica de nervios y músculos, con debilidad muscular reversible. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la clínica, estudios electrofisiológicos y biopsia muscular. El control metabólico y de factores de riesgo reducirian la gravedad de las complicaciones y la rehabilitación temprana en la unidad podría acelerar la recuperación funcional y la independencia de los pacientes. Abreviaturas: UCI, unidad de cuidados intensivos; PPC, polineuropatía de paciente crítico; MPC, miopatía del paciente crítico.

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