Urinary infection in pediatrics

Infección urinaria en pediatría

The infection of the urinary tract is a frequent pathology in children, so the general practitioner, the pediatrician and those involved in the diagnosis and management of the affected child are obliged to know the updates on the pathophysiological mechanism, diagnostic methods and current treatments. Emphasis is placed on prevention, the rational use of antibiotic therapy and the new therapeutic approaches that can be offered. Abbreviations: UTI, urinary tract infection; VUR, vesicoureteral reflux.

1. Bauer R, Kogan B. New developments in the diagnosis and management of pediatrics utis. Urol Clin N Am. 2008; 35(1):47-58.

2. Chang SL, Shortliffe LD. Pediatric urinary tract infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006; 53(3):379-400.

3. Malo G, Echeverry J, Iragorri S, Gastelbondo R. Infección Urinaria (IU) en Niños Menores De 2 Años. Guía de práctica clínica (GPC). [monografía en Internet]. Bogotá: Sociedad Colombiana de Urologìa; [citado 24 mar 2015]. Disponible en: http://scu.org.co/userfiles/file/guias/006.pdf.

4. Langley JM. Defining urinary tract infection in the critically ill child. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005; 6(3 Suppl):S25-9.

5. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, Fregonese F, Toffolo A, Gobber D, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008; 122(5):1064-71.

6. Mattoo TK. Are prophylactic antibiotics indicated after a urinary tract infection?. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009; 21(2):203-6.

7. Wald ER. Vesicoureteral reflux: the role of antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 2006; 117(3):919-22.

8. Bell LE, Mattoo T. Update on childhood urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. Semin Nephrol. 2009; 29(4):349-59.

9. Ismaili K, Wissing KM, Lolin K, Le PQ, Christophe C, Lepage P, et al. Characteristics of first urinary tract infection with fever in children: a prospective clinical and imaging study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011; 30(5):371-4.

10. Bhat RG, Katy TA, Place FC. Pediatric urinary tract infections. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29(3):637-53.

11. Moreno Villamil ML, Osorio Arango LM, Gastelbondo Amaya R, Gutierrez C. Correlación Diagnóstica entre criterios clínicos y paraclínicos con la gamagrafía DMSA en pielonefritis. [monografía en Internet]. Bogotá: Fundación Cardio Infantil. [citado 24 mar 2015]. Disponible en: http://encolombia.com/medicina/revistas-medicas/pediatria/vp-393/pediatria39304-correlacion/.

12. Ucrós Rodriguez S. Guías de pediatría práctica basadas en la evidencia. 2a ed. Bogotá : Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2009.

13. Feld LG, Mattoo TK. Urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children. Pediatr Rev. 2010; 31(11):451-63.

14. Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009; 22(1):72-6.

15. Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J. Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90(8):853-8.

16. Storm DW, Patel AS, Koff SA, Justice SS. Novel management of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Urol. 2011; 21(4):328-33.

17. Tanaka ST, Brock JW. Pediatric urologic conditions, including urinary infections. Med Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;95(1):1-13.

18. Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J. Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90(8):853-8.

19. Montini G, Tullus K, Hewitt I. Febrile urinary tract infections in children. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(3):239-50.

20. Bitsori M, Maraki S, Koukouraki S, Galanakis E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection in children: risk factors and outcomes. J Urol. 2012 Jan;187(1):260-4.

21. Clark CJ, Kennedy WA, Shortliffe LD. Urinary tract infection in children: when to worry. Urol Clin North Am. 2010; 37(2):229-41.

22. Dairiki Shortliffe LM. Infection and inflammation of the Pediatric genitourinary tract. En: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR,Novick AC,Partin AW, Peters CA. CampbellWalsh Urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2010. p. 3085-121.

23. Restrepo de Rovetto C, de Castaño I, Restrepo Restrepo JM. Enfoques en nefrología pediátrica. Colombia: Camilo Torres Serna y Cia S.C.S; 2010.

24. Molina Cabañero JC. Actualización en manejo de la infección urinaria en urgencias. An Pediatr Contin. 2011; 9(1):7-14.

25. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(3):595-610.

26. Molina Cabañero JC. Actualización en manejo de la infección urinaria en urgencias. An Pediatr Contin. 2011; 9(1):7-14.

27. Areses Trapote RC, Castillo Laita JA, Escribano Subias J, Fraga Rodriguez GM, García Díaz A, García Rodriguez S, et al. Guia de practica clinica sobre infeccion del tracto urinario en la poblacion pediatrica. [monografía en internet]. Zaragoza, España: Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud; 2011 [citado 26 mar 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.guiasalud.es/GPC/GPC_483_ITU_poblacion_pediatrica_ICS_compl.pdf.

28. Raszka WV, Khan O. Pyelonephritis. Pediatr Rev. 2005; 26(10):364-70.

29. Benador N, Siegrist CA, Gendrel D, Greder C, Benador D, Assicot D, et al. Procalcitonin is a marker of severity of renal lesions in pyelonephritis. Pediatrics. 1998; 102(6): 1422-5.

30. Leroy S, Fernandez Lopez A, Nikfar R, Romanello C, Bouissou F, Gervaix A, et al. Association of procalcitonin with acute pyelonephritis and renal scars in pediatric UTI. Pediatrics. 2013; 131(5):870-9.

31. Montini G, Zucchetta P, Tomasi L, Talenti E, Rigamonti W, Picco G, et al. Value of imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children: data from Italian renal infection study 1. Pediatrics. 2009; 123(2):e239-46.

32. Biassoni L, Chippington S. Imaging in urinary tract infections: current strategies and new trends. Semin Nucl Med. 2008; 38(1):56-66.

33. Koyle MA, Shifrin D. Issues in febrile urinary tract infection management. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2012 Aug; 59(4):909-22.

34. Mantadakis E, Vouloumanou EK, Georgantzi GG, Tsalkidis A, Chatzimichael A, Falagas ME. Acute Tc-99m DMSA scan for identifying dilating vesicoureteral reflux in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(1):e169-79.

35. Newman TB. The new American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection guideline. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(3):572-5.

36. La Scola C, De Mutiis C, Hewitt IK, Puccio G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P, et al. Different guidelines for imaging after first UTI in febrile infants: yield, cost, and radiation. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e665-71.

37. Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(3):195-202.

38. Kowalsky RH, Shah NB. Update on urinary tract infections in the emergency department. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013; 25(3):317-22.

39. Gorelick M, Shaw K. Screening tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 1999; 104(5):e54.

40. Duke T, Kelly J, Weber M, English M, Campbell H. Hospital care for children in developing countries: clinical guidelines and the need for evidence. J Trop Pediatr. 2006; 52(1):1-2.

41. Hellerstein S. Acute urinary tract infection--evaluation and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006; 18(2):134-8.

42. Finnell SM, Carroll AE, Downs SM; Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Technical report-Diagnosis and management of an initial UTI in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(3):e749-70.

43. Schaeffer AJ. Recurrent urinary tract infections in infancy: relapses or reinfections?. J Urol. 2002; 168(4 Pt 1):1653-4.

44. Paschke AA, Zaoutis T, Conway PH, Xie D, Keren R. Previous antimicrobial exposure is associated with drug-resistant urinary tract infections in children. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(4):664-72.

45. Chevalier I, Benoit G, Gauthier M, Phan V, Bonnin AC, Lebel MH. Antibiotic prophylaxis for childhood urinary tract infection: a national survey. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008; 44(10):572-8.

46. Keren R, Carpenter M, Greenfield S, Hoberman A, Mathews R, Mattoo T, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2008 ;122(6):1409-10.

47. Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001322.

48. Stapleton AE, Dziura J, Hooton TM, Cox ME, Yarova-Yarovaya Y, Chen S, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012; 87(2):143-50.

49. Lee SJ, Shim YH, Cho SJ, Lee JW. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22(9):1315-20.

50. Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H, Hoyer PF. Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006; 21(6):785-92.