Cervical cancer: liquid-based, conventional cytology and other screening tests

Cáncer cervical: citología en base líquida, convencional y otras pruebas de tamizaje

Cervico-vaginal cytology has been used as a diagnostic tool since the early 19th century started by the Greek physician George Papanicolaou and was implemented for cancer screening programs since the mid 1960s achieving an 80% reduction in mortality rate worldwide. A low sensibility between 30 and 87%, average 53%, is a drawback. Global mortality rate due to cervical cancer is 86% and 88% in developing countries. The age-related mortality rate in Colombia is 18.2 per 100.000 patients. The latter is due to inadequate quality control and lack of update training for  cytohispathology technicians, in addition to the high number of readings performed during their work day leading to overdiagnosis of Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS). Other factors such as not per­ forming a cervical smear due to low socioeconomic status and lack of affiliation to the social security system are also important. The use of liquid-based cytology (LBC) resolves five problems: 1) failure to capture the complete sample, 2) poor fixation, 3) random distribution of anomalous cells, 4) existence of perturbing elements, and 5) poor quality of the smear. This technique increases the sensibility of high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cancer lesions with no specificity variation. Other screening tests are: human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and typing tests included in the 2012 Health Obligatory Plan (POS) and the polymerase chain reaction tests (PCR), RNA oncogenes E6 and E7 and visual inspection with acetic acid and lugol's iodine (VIA/VILD in a "see and treat" cervical prevention strategy.

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