Diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis
Coledocolitiasis: diagnóstico y manejo
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Aldana Dimas, G., Mora Posada, R., & Millán, C. A. (2012). Diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis. Journal of Medicine and Surgery Repertoire, 21(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v21.n1.2012.789
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Abstract
Choledocholithiasis may occur in up to 15% of cases of cholelithiasis. A debate has been posed in the modero era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on how to handle choledocholithiasis before conducting the surgical procedure. Several studies have analyzed the use of preoperative criteria, such as liver function tests, ultrasound and clinical findings of the patient, in order to predict the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. Results vary between studies and different regimes and algorithms to guide management have derived from them, including traditional open surgery techniques and most recent endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques.
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References
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2. Glasgow RE, Cho M, Hutter MM, Mulvihill SJ.The spectrum and cost of com plicated gallstone disease in California. Arcb Surg. 2000 Sep;l35(9):l 021-5.
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6. Blumgart H. Surgical and radiology anatomy of the liver, biliary tract and pan creas. 4 ed. 2006.
7. Skandalak:is J. Anatomía y técnica quirúrgica. 2002.
8. Stapleton GN, Hickman R,Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepa tic ducts. Br J Surg. 1998 Feb;85(2):202-7.
9. Saint JH. The epicholedochal venous plexus and its importance as a means of identifying the common duct during operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Br J Surg. 1961 Mar;48:489-98.
10. Vellar ID. Preliminary study of the anatomy of the venous drainage of the intra hepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and its relevance to the practice of hepatobi liary surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Jul;71(7):418-22.
11. Hand BH. Anatomy and function of the extrahepatic biliary system. Clin Gas troenterol. 1973 Jan;2(1):3-29.
12. Tazuma S. Gallstone disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common hile duct and intrahepatic). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroen terol. 2006;20(6):1075-83.
13. Lamhou-Gianoukos S, Heller SJ. Lithogenesis and hile metaholism. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):1175-94, vii.
14. Collins C, Maguire D, Ireland A, Fitzgerald E, O'Sullivan GC. A prospective study of common hile duct calculi in patienrs undergoing laparoscopic chole cystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1):28-33.
15. Yang MH, CbenTH, Wang SE, Tsai YF, Su CH, Wu CW, et al. Biochemical predictors for ahsence of common hile duct stones in patients undergoing lapa roscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endose. 2008 Jul;22(7):1620-4.
16. Peng WK, Sheikh Z, Paterson-Brown S, Nixon SJ. Role of liver function tests in predicting common hile duct stones in acule calculous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 2005 Oct;92( JO):1241-7.
17. Onken JE, Brazer SR, Eisen GM, Williams DM, Bouras EP, DeLong ER, et al. Predicting the presence of choledocholithiasis in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Apr;9 I (4):762-7.
18. Lapis JL, Orlando RC, Mittelstaedt CA, Staah EV. Ultrasonography in the diag nosis of ohstructive jaundice. Ann lntern Med. 1978 Jul;89(1):61-3.
19. Costi R, Sarli L, Caruso G, lusco D, Gohhi S, Violi V, et al. Preoperative ul trasonographic assessment of the numher and size of gallhladder stones: is it a useful predictor of asymptomatic choledochal lithiasis? J Ultrasound Med. 2002 Sep;2I (9):971-6.
20. Demartines N, Eisner L, Sehnabel K, Fried R, Zuber M, Harder F. Evaluation of magnetic resonanee cbolangiography in the management of bile duet stones. Arch Surg. 2000 Feb;l35(2):148-52.
21. Mercer S, Singh S, Paterson l. Selective MRCP in the management of suspected common bile duct stones. HPB (Oxford). 2007;9(2):125-30.
22. Bose SM, Mazumdar A, Prakash VS, Kocher R, Katariya S, Pathak CM. Eva luation of the predictors of choledocholithiasis: comparative analysis of clinical, biochemical, radiologieal, radionuclear, and intraoperative parameters. Surg To day. 2001;31(2):117-22.
23. Notash AY, Salimi J, Golfam F, Habibi G, Alizadeh K. Preoperative clinical and paraclinical predietors of choledoeholithiasis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008 Jun;7(3):304-7.
24. Yang MH, Chen TH, Wang SE, Tsai YF, Su CH, Wu CW, et al. Biochemical predictors for absenee of common bile duct stones in patients undergoing lapa roscopic choleeystectomy. Surg Endose. 2008 Jul;22(7):1620-4.
25. Shiozawa S, Tsuchiya A, Kim DH, Usui T, Masuda T, Kubota K, et al. Useful predictive factors of common bile duct stones prior to laparoscopic cholecystee tomy for gallstones. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Nov;52(66):1662-5.
26. Barkun AN, Barkun JS, Fried GM, Ghitulescu G, Steinmetz O, Pham C, et al. Useful predictors of bile duct stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cbole cystectomy. McGill Gallstone Treatment Group. Ann Surg. 1994 Jul;220(1):32- 9.
27. Alponat A, Kum CK, Rajnakova A, Koh BC, Goh PM. Predietive faetors for syn chronous eommon bile duet stones in patients with cholelithiasis. Surg Endose. 1997 Sep;ll (9):928-32.
28. Abboud PA, Malet PF, Berlín JA, Staroseik R, Cabana MD, Clarke JR, et al. Predietors of common bile ducl stones prior to cholecysteetomy: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endose. 1996 Oet;44(4):450-5.
29. Tse F, Barkun JS, Barkun AN. The elective evaluation of patients with suspected choledocholithiasis undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gastrointest En dose. 2004 Sep;60(3):437-48.
30. Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO, Goldstein JL, Kalloo AN, Petersen BT, et al. An annotated algorithm for the evaluation of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endose. 2001 Jun;53(7):864-6.
31. Byme MF, McLoughlin MT, Mitchell RM, Gerke H, Kim K, Pappas TN, et al. Far patients with predicted low risk for choledocholithiasis undergoing laparos copic cholecystectomy, selective intraoperative cholangiography and postopera tive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an effective strategy to limit unnecessary procedures. Surg Endose. 2009 Sep;23(9):1933-7.
32. Ko CW, Lee SP. Epidemiology and natural history of eommon bile duct stones and prediction of disease. Gastrointest Endose. 2002 Dec;56(6 Suppl):S165- SI69.
33. Cohen ME, Slezak L, Wells CK, Andersen DK, Topazian M. Prediction of hile duct stones and complications in gallstone pancreatitis using early lahoratory trends. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Dec;96(12):3305-l1.
34. Collins C, Maguire D, Ireland A, Fitzgerald E, O'Sullivan GC. A prospective study of conunon hile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic chole cystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1 ):28-33.
35. Verbesey JE, Birkett DH. Common hile duct exploration for choledocholithiasis. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):13l 5-28, ix.
36. Joyee AM, Heiss FW. Endoscopic evaluation and therapies of biliary disorders. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):1221-40, viii.
37. NTH state-of-the-scienee statement on endoseopic retrograde cholangiopancrea tography (ERCP) far diagnosis and therapy. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002 Jan 14;19(1):1-26.
38. Hintze RE, Adler A, Veltzke W. Outcome of mechanical lithotripsy of hile duct stones in an unselected series of 704 patients. Hepatogastroenterology. I 996 May;43(9):473-6.
39. Freeman ML, DiSario JA, Nelson DB, Fennerty MB, Lee JG, Bjorkman DJ, et al. Risk factors far post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, multicenter study. Gas trointest Endose. 2001 Oct;54(4):425-34.
40. Masci E, Toti G, Mariani A, Curioni S, Lomazzi A, Dinelli M, et al. Compliea tions of diagnostie and therapeutie ERCP: a prospeetivemulticenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Feh;96(2):417-23.
41. Petelin JB. Laparoscopie common bile duct exploration. Surg Endose. 2003 Nov;l 7(11):1705-15.
42. Hampson LG, Fried GM, Stets J, Ayeni OR, Bourdon-Conochie F. Common bile duct exploration: indieations and results. Can J Surg. 1981 Sep;24(5):455-7.
43. Martin DJ, Vemon DR, Toouli J. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr;%19;(2):CD003327.
44. Petelin JB. Techniques and Cost of Common Bile Duct Exploration. Semin La parase Surg. 1997 Mar;4(1):23-33.
45. Tai CK, Tang CN, Ha JP, Chau CH, Siu WT, Li MK. Laparoscopie explora tion of common bile duct in difficult choledocholithiasis. Surg Endose. 2004 Jun;18(6):910-4.
46. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K. Primary closure versus T-tube drainage after laparos eopic eommon bile duct stone exploration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD00564I.
47. Garg PK, Tandon RK, Ahuja V, Makharia GK, Batra Y. Predictors of unsuc cessful mechanical lithotripsy and endoscopic clearance of large bile duet stones. Gastrointest Endose. 2004 May;59(6):601-5.
48. Zinner M, Ashley S. Maingont: operaciones abdominales. 2008.
49. Suter M, Jayet C, Richard A, Gillet M. [Current status of surgical transduodenal papillotomy]. Helv Chir Acta 1994 Apr;60(4):67l-8.
50. Rivera JA, Rattner DW, Femandez-del CC, Warshaw AL. Surgical approaches to bertign and malignan! tumors of the ampulla of valer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1996 Jul;5(3):689-71 l.
2. Glasgow RE, Cho M, Hutter MM, Mulvihill SJ.The spectrum and cost of com plicated gallstone disease in California. Arcb Surg. 2000 Sep;l35(9):l 021-5.
3. Cervantes J, Rojas G, Anton J. Conductas actuales ante la litiasis coledociana. Cirugía y cirujanos. 1999;67,49-54. RefType: Magazine Article
4. Morgenstem L. A history of choledochotomy. Bile ducts and bile duct stones. 1997.
5. Schwarz S. Principios de cirugía. 4 ed. 1997.
6. Blumgart H. Surgical and radiology anatomy of the liver, biliary tract and pan creas. 4 ed. 2006.
7. Skandalak:is J. Anatomía y técnica quirúrgica. 2002.
8. Stapleton GN, Hickman R,Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepa tic ducts. Br J Surg. 1998 Feb;85(2):202-7.
9. Saint JH. The epicholedochal venous plexus and its importance as a means of identifying the common duct during operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Br J Surg. 1961 Mar;48:489-98.
10. Vellar ID. Preliminary study of the anatomy of the venous drainage of the intra hepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and its relevance to the practice of hepatobi liary surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Jul;71(7):418-22.
11. Hand BH. Anatomy and function of the extrahepatic biliary system. Clin Gas troenterol. 1973 Jan;2(1):3-29.
12. Tazuma S. Gallstone disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common hile duct and intrahepatic). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroen terol. 2006;20(6):1075-83.
13. Lamhou-Gianoukos S, Heller SJ. Lithogenesis and hile metaholism. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):1175-94, vii.
14. Collins C, Maguire D, Ireland A, Fitzgerald E, O'Sullivan GC. A prospective study of common hile duct calculi in patienrs undergoing laparoscopic chole cystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1):28-33.
15. Yang MH, CbenTH, Wang SE, Tsai YF, Su CH, Wu CW, et al. Biochemical predictors for ahsence of common hile duct stones in patients undergoing lapa roscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endose. 2008 Jul;22(7):1620-4.
16. Peng WK, Sheikh Z, Paterson-Brown S, Nixon SJ. Role of liver function tests in predicting common hile duct stones in acule calculous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 2005 Oct;92( JO):1241-7.
17. Onken JE, Brazer SR, Eisen GM, Williams DM, Bouras EP, DeLong ER, et al. Predicting the presence of choledocholithiasis in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Apr;9 I (4):762-7.
18. Lapis JL, Orlando RC, Mittelstaedt CA, Staah EV. Ultrasonography in the diag nosis of ohstructive jaundice. Ann lntern Med. 1978 Jul;89(1):61-3.
19. Costi R, Sarli L, Caruso G, lusco D, Gohhi S, Violi V, et al. Preoperative ul trasonographic assessment of the numher and size of gallhladder stones: is it a useful predictor of asymptomatic choledochal lithiasis? J Ultrasound Med. 2002 Sep;2I (9):971-6.
20. Demartines N, Eisner L, Sehnabel K, Fried R, Zuber M, Harder F. Evaluation of magnetic resonanee cbolangiography in the management of bile duet stones. Arch Surg. 2000 Feb;l35(2):148-52.
21. Mercer S, Singh S, Paterson l. Selective MRCP in the management of suspected common bile duct stones. HPB (Oxford). 2007;9(2):125-30.
22. Bose SM, Mazumdar A, Prakash VS, Kocher R, Katariya S, Pathak CM. Eva luation of the predictors of choledocholithiasis: comparative analysis of clinical, biochemical, radiologieal, radionuclear, and intraoperative parameters. Surg To day. 2001;31(2):117-22.
23. Notash AY, Salimi J, Golfam F, Habibi G, Alizadeh K. Preoperative clinical and paraclinical predietors of choledoeholithiasis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008 Jun;7(3):304-7.
24. Yang MH, Chen TH, Wang SE, Tsai YF, Su CH, Wu CW, et al. Biochemical predictors for absenee of common bile duct stones in patients undergoing lapa roscopic choleeystectomy. Surg Endose. 2008 Jul;22(7):1620-4.
25. Shiozawa S, Tsuchiya A, Kim DH, Usui T, Masuda T, Kubota K, et al. Useful predictive factors of common bile duct stones prior to laparoscopic cholecystee tomy for gallstones. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Nov;52(66):1662-5.
26. Barkun AN, Barkun JS, Fried GM, Ghitulescu G, Steinmetz O, Pham C, et al. Useful predictors of bile duct stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cbole cystectomy. McGill Gallstone Treatment Group. Ann Surg. 1994 Jul;220(1):32- 9.
27. Alponat A, Kum CK, Rajnakova A, Koh BC, Goh PM. Predietive faetors for syn chronous eommon bile duet stones in patients with cholelithiasis. Surg Endose. 1997 Sep;ll (9):928-32.
28. Abboud PA, Malet PF, Berlín JA, Staroseik R, Cabana MD, Clarke JR, et al. Predietors of common bile ducl stones prior to cholecysteetomy: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endose. 1996 Oet;44(4):450-5.
29. Tse F, Barkun JS, Barkun AN. The elective evaluation of patients with suspected choledocholithiasis undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gastrointest En dose. 2004 Sep;60(3):437-48.
30. Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO, Goldstein JL, Kalloo AN, Petersen BT, et al. An annotated algorithm for the evaluation of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endose. 2001 Jun;53(7):864-6.
31. Byme MF, McLoughlin MT, Mitchell RM, Gerke H, Kim K, Pappas TN, et al. Far patients with predicted low risk for choledocholithiasis undergoing laparos copic cholecystectomy, selective intraoperative cholangiography and postopera tive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an effective strategy to limit unnecessary procedures. Surg Endose. 2009 Sep;23(9):1933-7.
32. Ko CW, Lee SP. Epidemiology and natural history of eommon bile duct stones and prediction of disease. Gastrointest Endose. 2002 Dec;56(6 Suppl):S165- SI69.
33. Cohen ME, Slezak L, Wells CK, Andersen DK, Topazian M. Prediction of hile duct stones and complications in gallstone pancreatitis using early lahoratory trends. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Dec;96(12):3305-l1.
34. Collins C, Maguire D, Ireland A, Fitzgerald E, O'Sullivan GC. A prospective study of conunon hile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic chole cystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1 ):28-33.
35. Verbesey JE, Birkett DH. Common hile duct exploration for choledocholithiasis. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):13l 5-28, ix.
36. Joyee AM, Heiss FW. Endoscopic evaluation and therapies of biliary disorders. Surg Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;88(6):1221-40, viii.
37. NTH state-of-the-scienee statement on endoseopic retrograde cholangiopancrea tography (ERCP) far diagnosis and therapy. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002 Jan 14;19(1):1-26.
38. Hintze RE, Adler A, Veltzke W. Outcome of mechanical lithotripsy of hile duct stones in an unselected series of 704 patients. Hepatogastroenterology. I 996 May;43(9):473-6.
39. Freeman ML, DiSario JA, Nelson DB, Fennerty MB, Lee JG, Bjorkman DJ, et al. Risk factors far post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, multicenter study. Gas trointest Endose. 2001 Oct;54(4):425-34.
40. Masci E, Toti G, Mariani A, Curioni S, Lomazzi A, Dinelli M, et al. Compliea tions of diagnostie and therapeutie ERCP: a prospeetivemulticenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Feh;96(2):417-23.
41. Petelin JB. Laparoscopie common bile duct exploration. Surg Endose. 2003 Nov;l 7(11):1705-15.
42. Hampson LG, Fried GM, Stets J, Ayeni OR, Bourdon-Conochie F. Common bile duct exploration: indieations and results. Can J Surg. 1981 Sep;24(5):455-7.
43. Martin DJ, Vemon DR, Toouli J. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr;%19;(2):CD003327.
44. Petelin JB. Techniques and Cost of Common Bile Duct Exploration. Semin La parase Surg. 1997 Mar;4(1):23-33.
45. Tai CK, Tang CN, Ha JP, Chau CH, Siu WT, Li MK. Laparoscopie explora tion of common bile duct in difficult choledocholithiasis. Surg Endose. 2004 Jun;18(6):910-4.
46. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K. Primary closure versus T-tube drainage after laparos eopic eommon bile duct stone exploration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD00564I.
47. Garg PK, Tandon RK, Ahuja V, Makharia GK, Batra Y. Predictors of unsuc cessful mechanical lithotripsy and endoscopic clearance of large bile duet stones. Gastrointest Endose. 2004 May;59(6):601-5.
48. Zinner M, Ashley S. Maingont: operaciones abdominales. 2008.
49. Suter M, Jayet C, Richard A, Gillet M. [Current status of surgical transduodenal papillotomy]. Helv Chir Acta 1994 Apr;60(4):67l-8.
50. Rivera JA, Rattner DW, Femandez-del CC, Warshaw AL. Surgical approaches to bertign and malignan! tumors of the ampulla of valer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1996 Jul;5(3):689-71 l.