Enfermedad por virus sincitial respiratorio en pediatría más allá del compromiso respiratorio

Respiratory syncytial virus disease in children: beyond respiratory involvement

Introducción: el virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) suele asociarse con la enfermedad respiratoria en la población pediátrica, sin embargo se han documentado múltiples manifestaciones extrapulmonares, en especial neurológicas. Objetivo: presentar un panorama de los reportes en la literatura indexada sobre el compromiso neurológico en la infección por VSR. Materiales y Métodos: revisión sistemática exploratoria formal de la literatura en las bases de datos Pubmed y SCOPUS, que incluyó estudios primarios y secundarios hasta el 17 de julio 2022, publicadas en inglés, español y francés.  Resultados: se consideraron 30 publicaciones que describían la experiencia en 1.681 pacientes con una edad mediana de 17 meses y mayor compromiso del sexo masculino (64.59%), en el marco de la enfermedad respiratoria grave por VSR.  Las convulsiones y la apnea central aparecieron como principales manifestaciones, ya sea por invasión viral e inflamación secundaria del sistema nervioso central (SNC) o por la compensación derivada de los ajustes neuroendocrinos ante el daño respiratorio severo. Las secuelas a largo plazo incluyeron retraso en el desarrollo y discapacidad cognitiva.  Conclusión: el síndrome por infección respiratoria grave por VSR puede ocurrir con compromiso neurológico, posiblemente derivado de la acción directa del virus a nivel del SNC o de los efectos del proceso adaptativo. Estos dos mecanismos deben considerarse en presencia de enfermedad respiratoria grave por VSR que cursen con deterioro neurológico, para una correcta aproximación diagnóstica y manejo oportuno, con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de secuelas significativas.

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