Reprogramación cardiaca fetal en preeclampsia y restricción de crecimiento fetal: un riesgo cardiovascular a largo plazo
Fetal cardiac remodeling in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: a long-term cardiovascular risk
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Introducción: el periodo fetal se caracteriza por la rápida proliferación y diferenciación celular que pueden producir cambios en la función normal de los órganos. En el corazón de fetos restringidos hay modificaciones estructurales y funcionales que pueden persistir en la infancia y adolescencia, con predisposición a padecer, enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: realizar una búsqueda de la literatura determinando la relación entre reprogramación cardiaca en los fetos restringidos e hijos de madres con preeclampsia, y su asociación con riesgo cardiovascular. Metodología: búsqueda de diciembre 2020 a junio 2021 en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, Ovid, Embase, ScienceDirect y Medline usando las palabras clave validadas en Mesh. Resultados: se seleccionaron 36 artículos encontrando que en los corazones fetales existen cambios tanto estructurales como funcionales en fetos restringidos, como sucede en hijos de madres con preeclampsia. En la fase inicial se ven corazones alargados y globulares con índices de esfericidad mayores que pueden progresar a hipertróficos, hay signos de disfunción cardiaca tanto sistólica como diastólica, hallazgos corroborados al hallar elevados la troponina y el péptido natriurético en sangre de cordón umbilical en comparación con fetos sanos. Los cambios cardíacos persisten en la niñez, adolescencia y en la edad adulta. Conclusión: la preeclampsia y la estricción del crecimiento inducen reprogramación cardiaca in útero, cambios cardíacos que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Es importante iniciar acciones preventivas para evitar que otros factores en la vida extrauterina (“segundo golpe”) aumenten el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad o muerte por causa cardiovascular.
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