Sangrado gastrointestinal en pacientes hospitalizados

Gastrointestinal bleeding in hospitalized patients

El sangrado gastrointestinal es una complicación potencial del paciente que se hospitaliza. Como las descripciones iniciales en cuidados intensivos relacionaban el sangrado por úlceras de estrés con alta mortalidad, la investigación fue creciente en los pacientes críticos. No sucedió lo mismo con los hospitalizados y los trabajos disponibles son escasos. Los principales factores de riesgo se han descrito en los críticos (ventilación mecánica más de 48 horas y coagulopatía). La eficacia de la terapia no se ha demostrado en aquellos en la sala general. La evidencia indirecta muestra utilidad marginal de estos medicamentos en la prevención del sangrado gastrointestinal. En los casos críticos hay abundante información pero la interpretación es confusa. Se ha documentado una tasa alta de formulación para prevenir el sangrado en los hospitalizados, la mayoría sin indicación clara, lo cual puede exponer al paciente a eventos adversos innecesarios y gastos adicionales al sistema de salud. Se recomiendan estrategias para implementación de guías para el uso racional de estos fármacos. Abreviaturas: SGI, sangrado gastrointestinal; SRMD, stress-related mucosal disease; AINES, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos; ASHP, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; FDA, Food and Drug Ad- ministration; ERGE, enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico.

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