Semiology of epileptic seizures: A clinical challenge
Semiología de la crisis epiléptica: un reto clínico
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Palacios, E., & Clavijo-Pardo, C. (2016). Semiology of epileptic seizures: A clinical challenge. Journal of Medicine and Surgery Repertoire, 25(4), 203–209. Retrieved from https://revistas.fucsalud.edu.co/index.php/repertorio/article/view/114
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Dec 1, 2016
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterised by recurrent seizures that are self-limited and of diverse aetiology, in which the clinical manifestations include a wide range of signs and symptoms in relation to the cortical areas stimulated. Semiology consider and properly differentiates the epileptogenic and the symptomatogenic zone in the clear context of the art of semiological interpretation that combines adequate knowledge of cortical functions and the corresponding recognition of lateraliser and localiser signs of the seizure focus, in order to properly determine the type of epilepsy or epileptic syndrome. The aim of this article is to present clear and concise findings in the clinical presentation of the main forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes in relation to the function of the cortical lobes, which allow us greater introspection and skill in clinical practice in the rapid and timely diagnosis. The diagnosis depends upon a number of factors, particularly the detailed and accurate recording of the history of the seizure, or semiology.
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References
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12. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989;30:389–99.
13. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51:676–85.
14. Blümcke I. Neuropathology of focal epilepsies: A critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15:34–9.
15. Acharya V, Acharya J, Lüders H. Olfactory epileptic auras. Neurology. 1998;51:56–61.
16. Jan MM, Girvin JP. Seizure semiology: Value in identifying seizure origin. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35:22–30.
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20. Engel J. Report of the ILAE classification core group. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1558–68.
21. Engel J, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2001;42:796–803.
22. Tuxhorn IE. Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study. Seizure. 2005;14:262–8.
23. Zerouali Y, Ghaziri J, Nguyen DK. Multimodal investigation of epileptic networks: The case of insular cortex epilepsy. Prog Brain Res. 2016;226:1–33.
24. Mosewich RK, So EL, O’Brien TJ, Cascino GD, Sharbrough FW, Marsh WR, et al. Factors predictive of the outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2000;41:843–9.
25. Elsharkawy AE, Alabbasi AH, Pannek H, Schulz R, Hoppe M, Pahs G, et al. Outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery in adults. Epilepsy Res. 2008;81:97–106.
26. Bonini F, McGonigal A, Trébuchon A, Gavaret M, Bartolomei F, Giusiano B, et al. Frontal lobe seizures: From clinical semiology to localization. Epilepsia. 2014;55:264–77.
27. So NK. Mesial frontal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998;39 Suppl 4:S49–61.
28. Bonelli SB, Lurger S, Zimprich F, Stogmann E, Assem-Hilger E, Baumgartner C. Clinical seizure lateralization in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48:517–23.
29. Kotagal P, Arunkumar GS. Lateral frontal lobe seizures. Epilepsia. 1998;39 Suppl 4:S62–8.
30. Brodtkorb E, Picard F. Tobacco habits modulate autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9:515–20.
31. Williamson PD, Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Novelly RA, Mattson RH. Complex partial seizures of frontal lobe origin. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:497–504.
32. Laskowitz DT, Sperling MR, French JA, O’Connor MJ. The syndrome of frontal lobe epilepsy: Characteristics and surgical management. Neurology. 1995;45:780–7.
33. Proserpio P, Cossu M, Francione S, Tassi L, Mai R, Didato G, et al. Insular-opercular seizures manifesting with sleep-related paroxysmal motor behaviors: A stereo-EEG study. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1781–91.
34. Hall DA, Wadwa RP, Goldenberg NA, Norris JM. Maternal risk factors for term neonatal seizures: Population-based study in Colorado, 1989-2003. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:795–8.
35. Bautista RE, Spencer DD, Spencer SS. EEG findings in frontal lobe epilepsies. Neurology. 1998;50:1765–71.
36. Bandt SK, Werner N, Dines J, Rashid S, Eisenman LN, Hogan RE, et al. Trans-middle temporal gyrus selective amygdalohippocampectomy for medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in adults: Seizure response rates, complications, and neuropsychological outcomes. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;28:17–21.
37. Sadler RM. The syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Adv Neurol. 2006;97:27–37.
38. Erickson JC, Clapp LE, Ford G, Jabbari B. Somatosensory auras in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:202–6.
39. Henkel A, Noachtar S, Pfänder M, Lüders HO. The localizing value of the abdominal aura and its evolution: A study in focal epilepsies. Neurology. 2002;58:271–6.
40. Leung H, Schindler K, Clusmann H, Bien CG, Pöpel A, Schramm J, et al. Mesial frontal epilepsy and ictal body turning along the horizontal body axis. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:71–7.
41. Schulz R, Lüders HO, Noachtar S, May T, Sakamoto A, Holthausen H, et al. Amnesia of the epileptic aura. Neurology. 1995;45:231–5.
42. Falco-Walter JJ, Stein M, McNulty M, Romantseva L, Heydemann P. ‘Tickling’ seizures originating in the left frontoparietal region. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2016;6:49–51.
43. Kim DW, Sunwoo JS, Lee SK. Incidence and localizing value of vertigo and dizziness in patients with epilepsy: Video-EEG monitoring study. Epilepsy Res. 2016;126:102–5.
44. Tsurusawa R, Ohfu M, Masuzaki M, Inoue T, Yasumoto S, Mitsudome A. A case of parietal lobe epilepsy with ictal laughter. No To Hattatsu. 2005;37:60–4.
45. Sasaki F, Kawajiri S, Nakajima S, Yamaguchi A, Tomizawa Y, Noda K, et al. Occipital lobe seizures and subcortical T2 and T2* hypointensity associated with nonketotic hyperglycemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:228.
46. Marchi A, Bonini F, Lagarde S, McGonigal A, Gavaret M, Scavarda D, et al. Occipital and occipital plus epilepsies: A study of involved epileptogenic networks through SEEG quantification. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;62:104–14.
47. Yilmaz K, Karatoprak EY. Epilepsy classification and additional definitions in occipital lobe epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2015;17:299–307.
48. Fischer DB, Perez DL, Prasad S, Rigolo L, O’Donnell L, Acar D, et al. Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11:945–51.
49. Hartl E, Rémi J, Noachtar S. Two patients with visual aura — migraine, epilepsy, or migralepsy? Headache. 2015;55:1148–51.
50. Gregory AM, Nenert R, Allendorfer JB, Martin R, Kana RK, Szaflarski JP. The effect of medial temporal lobe epilepsy on visual memory encoding. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;46:173–84.
2. Berkovic SF, McIntosh A, Howell RA, Mitchell A, Sheffield LJ, Hopper JL. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: A common disorder identified in twins. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:227–35.
3. Blume WT, Luders HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, van Emde Boas W, Engel J Jr. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: Report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1212–8.
4. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:475–82.
5. Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: Definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005;46:470–2.
6. Semah F, Picot MC, Adam C, Broglin D, Arzimanoglou A, Bazin B, et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology. 1998;51:1256–62.
7. Engel J, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, Langfitt JT, Stern JM, Dewar S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: A randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307:922–30.
8. Alqadi K, Sankaraneni R, Thome U, Kotagal P. Semiology of hypermotor (hyperkinetic) seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;54:137–41.
9. Foldvary N, Nashold B, Mascha E, Thompson EA, Lee N, McNamara JO, et al. Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy: A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Neurology. 2000;54:630–4.
10. Loddenkemper T, Kotagal P. Lateralizing signs during seizures in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7:1–17.
11. Foldvary-Schaefer N, Unnwongse K. Localizing and lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20:160–6.
12. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989;30:389–99.
13. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51:676–85.
14. Blümcke I. Neuropathology of focal epilepsies: A critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15:34–9.
15. Acharya V, Acharya J, Lüders H. Olfactory epileptic auras. Neurology. 1998;51:56–61.
16. Jan MM, Girvin JP. Seizure semiology: Value in identifying seizure origin. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35:22–30.
17. O’Brien TJ, Mosewich RK, Britton JW, Cascino GD, So EL. History and seizure semiology in distinguishing frontal lobe seizures and temporal lobe seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82:177–82.
18. Blümcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Bartolomei F, Bernasconi A, et al. International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: A Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1315–29.
19. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:475–82.
20. Engel J. Report of the ILAE classification core group. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1558–68.
21. Engel J, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2001;42:796–803.
22. Tuxhorn IE. Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study. Seizure. 2005;14:262–8.
23. Zerouali Y, Ghaziri J, Nguyen DK. Multimodal investigation of epileptic networks: The case of insular cortex epilepsy. Prog Brain Res. 2016;226:1–33.
24. Mosewich RK, So EL, O’Brien TJ, Cascino GD, Sharbrough FW, Marsh WR, et al. Factors predictive of the outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2000;41:843–9.
25. Elsharkawy AE, Alabbasi AH, Pannek H, Schulz R, Hoppe M, Pahs G, et al. Outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery in adults. Epilepsy Res. 2008;81:97–106.
26. Bonini F, McGonigal A, Trébuchon A, Gavaret M, Bartolomei F, Giusiano B, et al. Frontal lobe seizures: From clinical semiology to localization. Epilepsia. 2014;55:264–77.
27. So NK. Mesial frontal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998;39 Suppl 4:S49–61.
28. Bonelli SB, Lurger S, Zimprich F, Stogmann E, Assem-Hilger E, Baumgartner C. Clinical seizure lateralization in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48:517–23.
29. Kotagal P, Arunkumar GS. Lateral frontal lobe seizures. Epilepsia. 1998;39 Suppl 4:S62–8.
30. Brodtkorb E, Picard F. Tobacco habits modulate autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9:515–20.
31. Williamson PD, Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Novelly RA, Mattson RH. Complex partial seizures of frontal lobe origin. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:497–504.
32. Laskowitz DT, Sperling MR, French JA, O’Connor MJ. The syndrome of frontal lobe epilepsy: Characteristics and surgical management. Neurology. 1995;45:780–7.
33. Proserpio P, Cossu M, Francione S, Tassi L, Mai R, Didato G, et al. Insular-opercular seizures manifesting with sleep-related paroxysmal motor behaviors: A stereo-EEG study. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1781–91.
34. Hall DA, Wadwa RP, Goldenberg NA, Norris JM. Maternal risk factors for term neonatal seizures: Population-based study in Colorado, 1989-2003. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:795–8.
35. Bautista RE, Spencer DD, Spencer SS. EEG findings in frontal lobe epilepsies. Neurology. 1998;50:1765–71.
36. Bandt SK, Werner N, Dines J, Rashid S, Eisenman LN, Hogan RE, et al. Trans-middle temporal gyrus selective amygdalohippocampectomy for medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in adults: Seizure response rates, complications, and neuropsychological outcomes. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;28:17–21.
37. Sadler RM. The syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Adv Neurol. 2006;97:27–37.
38. Erickson JC, Clapp LE, Ford G, Jabbari B. Somatosensory auras in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:202–6.
39. Henkel A, Noachtar S, Pfänder M, Lüders HO. The localizing value of the abdominal aura and its evolution: A study in focal epilepsies. Neurology. 2002;58:271–6.
40. Leung H, Schindler K, Clusmann H, Bien CG, Pöpel A, Schramm J, et al. Mesial frontal epilepsy and ictal body turning along the horizontal body axis. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:71–7.
41. Schulz R, Lüders HO, Noachtar S, May T, Sakamoto A, Holthausen H, et al. Amnesia of the epileptic aura. Neurology. 1995;45:231–5.
42. Falco-Walter JJ, Stein M, McNulty M, Romantseva L, Heydemann P. ‘Tickling’ seizures originating in the left frontoparietal region. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2016;6:49–51.
43. Kim DW, Sunwoo JS, Lee SK. Incidence and localizing value of vertigo and dizziness in patients with epilepsy: Video-EEG monitoring study. Epilepsy Res. 2016;126:102–5.
44. Tsurusawa R, Ohfu M, Masuzaki M, Inoue T, Yasumoto S, Mitsudome A. A case of parietal lobe epilepsy with ictal laughter. No To Hattatsu. 2005;37:60–4.
45. Sasaki F, Kawajiri S, Nakajima S, Yamaguchi A, Tomizawa Y, Noda K, et al. Occipital lobe seizures and subcortical T2 and T2* hypointensity associated with nonketotic hyperglycemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:228.
46. Marchi A, Bonini F, Lagarde S, McGonigal A, Gavaret M, Scavarda D, et al. Occipital and occipital plus epilepsies: A study of involved epileptogenic networks through SEEG quantification. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;62:104–14.
47. Yilmaz K, Karatoprak EY. Epilepsy classification and additional definitions in occipital lobe epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2015;17:299–307.
48. Fischer DB, Perez DL, Prasad S, Rigolo L, O’Donnell L, Acar D, et al. Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11:945–51.
49. Hartl E, Rémi J, Noachtar S. Two patients with visual aura — migraine, epilepsy, or migralepsy? Headache. 2015;55:1148–51.
50. Gregory AM, Nenert R, Allendorfer JB, Martin R, Kana RK, Szaflarski JP. The effect of medial temporal lobe epilepsy on visual memory encoding. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;46:173–84.