Characteristics of cyberbullying and psychopathology of victims
Características del ciberacoso y psicopatología de las víctimas
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Torres Montilla, Y., Mejia Montilla, J., & Reyna Villasmil, E. (2018). Characteristics of cyberbullying and psychopathology of victims. Journal of Medicine and Surgery Repertoire, 27(3), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v27.n3.2018.213
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Abstract
Cyberbullying is a new form of intimidation and harassment, different from traditional ways, and has been shown to have effects on the appearance of psychopathologies in those subjects who suffer it. Previous or current experiences of traditional harassment are associated with the appearance of behaviors that can lead to harassment appearance in victims and/or aggressors by different electronic means. Due to the specific nature of the Internet and other electronic means of communication between individuals, there seems to be more easily for the process of intimidation to occur and, after a time, the victims who become aggressors, which is more common than in traditional harassment. Victims and the aggressors have emotional and psychosomatic problems, social and academic difficulties. Psychopathology that occurs in subjects, which includes emotional stress, social anxiety, and consumption of psychoactive substances, is related to appearance of suicidal tendencies. Studies should be carried out to evaluate the different factors that may favor cyberbullying both in groups of children and adolescents and in adults in an attempt to avoid or limit the effects, since there is no clear consensus in the literature on how to prevent or manage the effects of cyberbullying in victims. The objective of this review was to evaluate the possible associations between characteristics of cyberbullying and psychopathology of victims.
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References
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24. Wang J, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR. School bullying among adolescents in the United States: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:368-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021.
25. Hong JS, Kral MJ, Sterzing PR. Pathways From Bullying Perpetration, Victimization, and Bully Victimization to Suicidality Among School-Aged Youth: A Review of the Potential Mediators and a Call for Further Investigation. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2015;16:379-90. doi: 10.1177/1524838014537904.
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27. Guerra NG, Williams KR, Sadek S. Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: a mixed methods study. Child Dev. 2011;82:295-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x.
28. Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Online communication among adolescents: an integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48:121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020.
29. Olumide AO, Adams P, Amodu OK. Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyberbullying among in-school adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2016;28:183-91. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0009.
30. Bettencourt A, Farrell A, Liu W, Sullivan T. Stability and change in patterns of peer victimization and aggression during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42:429-41. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.738455.
31. Mucherah W, Finch H, White T, Thomas K. The relationship of school climate, teacher defending and friends on students' perceptions of bullying in high school. J Adolesc. 2017;62:128-139. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.012.
32. David-Ferdon C, Hertz MF. Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: an emerging public health problem. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:S1-5.
33. Dreßing H, Bailer J, Anders A, Wagner H, Gallas C. Cyberstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, characteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014;17:61-7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0231.
34. Bouris A, Everett BG, Heath RD, Elsaesser CE, Neilands TB. Effects of Victimization and Violence on Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adolescents. LGBT Health. 2016;3:153-61. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0037.
35. Chang FC, Lee CM, Chiu CH, Hsi WY, Huang TF, Pan YC. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013;83:454-62. doi: 10.1111/josh.12050.
36. Bauman S, Toomey RB, Walker JL. Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. J Adolesc. 2013;36:341-50. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001.
37. Salerno JM, Peter-Hagene LC. The interactive effect of anger and disgust on moral outrage and judgments. Psychol Sci. 2013;24:2069-78. doi: 10.1177/0956797613486988.
38. Ford JD, Elhai JD, Connor DF, Frueh BC. Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:545-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.212.
39. Puhl R, Luedicke J, King KM. Combating weight-based bullying in schools: is there public support for the use of litigation? J Sch Health. 2015;85:372-81. doi: 10.1111/josh.12264.
40. Bostic JQ, Brunt CC. Cornered: an approach to school bullying and cyberbullying, and forensic implications. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20:447-65. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.03.004.
41. Miller E. Prevention of and Interventions for Dating and Sexual Violence in Adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64:423-434. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.010.
2. Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Cad Saude Publica. 2015;31:463-75.
3. Sourander A, Brunstein Klomek A, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: a population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:720-8. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.
4. Kubiszewski V, Fontaine R, Huré K, Rusch E. Cyber-bullying in adolescents: associated psychosocial problems and comparison with school bullying. Encephale. 2013;39:77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2012.01.008.
5. Dehue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11:217-23. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0008.
6. Barboza GE. The association between school exclusion, delinquency and subtypes of cyber- and F2F-victimizations: identifying and predicting risk profiles and subtypes using latent class analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;39:109-22. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.007.
7. Alonso C, Romero E. Aggressors and Victims in Bullying and Cyberbullying: A Study of Personality Profiles using the Five-Factor Model. Span J Psychol. 2017;20:E76. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2017.73.
8. Machackova H, Pfetsch J. Bystanders' responses to offline bullying and cyberbullying: The role of empathy and normative beliefs about aggression. Scand J Psychol. 2016;57:169-76. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12277.
9. Claybourn M, Spinner B, Malcom K. Workplace harassment: a test of definitional criteria derived from an analysis of research definitions and Canadian social definitions. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2014;37:589-600. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.033.
10. Due P, Holstein BE, Lynch J, Diderichsen F, Gabhain SN, Scheidt P, et al. Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: international comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15:128-32.
11. Hatzenbuehler ML, Flores JE, Cavanaugh JE, Onwuachi-Willig A, Ramirez MR. Anti-bullying Policies and Disparities in Bullying: A State-Level Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53:184-191. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.004.
12. Shetgiri R. Bullying and victimization among children. Adv Pediatr. 2013;60:33-51. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004.
13. Mazur J, Tabak I, Zawadzka D. Determinants of Bullying at School Depending on the Type of Community: Ecological Analysis of Secondary Schools in Poland. School Ment Health. 2017;9:132-142. doi: 10.1007/s12310-017-9206-7.
14. Ortega R, Elipe P, Mora-Merchán JA, Genta ML, Brighi A, Guarini A, et al. The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: a European cross-national study. Aggress Behav. 2012;38:342-56. doi: 10.1002/ab.21440.
15. Burke MA, Carman KG. You can be too thin (but not too tall): Social desirability bias in self-reports of weight and height. Econ Hum Biol. 2017;27:198-222. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.06.002.
16. Ybarra ML. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7:247-57.
17. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Roumeliotis P, Farrow CV, Shi YF. Breakfast skipping is associated with cyberbullying and school bullying victimization. A school-based cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2014;79:76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.007.
18. Escartín J. Insights into workplace bullying: psychosocial drivers and effective interventions. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:157-69. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S91211. eCollection 2016.
19. Comparcini D, Simonetti V, Lupo R, Galli F, Bocij P, Cicolini G. Cyberstalking among Italian nurses: a large multicentric study. Prof Inferm. 2016;69:150-158. doi: 10.7429/pi.2016.693150.
20. Recupero PR. New Technologies, New Problems, New Laws. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2016;44:322-7.
21. Kowalski RM, Limber SP. Electronic bullying among middle school students. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:S22-30.
22. Juvonen J, Gross EF. Extending the school grounds?--Bullying experiences in cyberspace. J Sch Health. 2008;78:496-505. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x.
23. Cutbush S, Williams J. Teen Dating Violence, Sexual Harassment, and Bullying Among Middle School Youth: Examining Measurement Invariance by Gender. J Res Adolesc. 2016;26:918-926. doi: 10.1111/jora.12244.
24. Wang J, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR. School bullying among adolescents in the United States: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:368-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021.
25. Hong JS, Kral MJ, Sterzing PR. Pathways From Bullying Perpetration, Victimization, and Bully Victimization to Suicidality Among School-Aged Youth: A Review of the Potential Mediators and a Call for Further Investigation. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2015;16:379-90. doi: 10.1177/1524838014537904.
26. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation and harassment occurs. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e350-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0693.
27. Guerra NG, Williams KR, Sadek S. Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: a mixed methods study. Child Dev. 2011;82:295-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x.
28. Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Online communication among adolescents: an integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48:121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020.
29. Olumide AO, Adams P, Amodu OK. Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyberbullying among in-school adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2016;28:183-91. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0009.
30. Bettencourt A, Farrell A, Liu W, Sullivan T. Stability and change in patterns of peer victimization and aggression during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42:429-41. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.738455.
31. Mucherah W, Finch H, White T, Thomas K. The relationship of school climate, teacher defending and friends on students' perceptions of bullying in high school. J Adolesc. 2017;62:128-139. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.012.
32. David-Ferdon C, Hertz MF. Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: an emerging public health problem. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:S1-5.
33. Dreßing H, Bailer J, Anders A, Wagner H, Gallas C. Cyberstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, characteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014;17:61-7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0231.
34. Bouris A, Everett BG, Heath RD, Elsaesser CE, Neilands TB. Effects of Victimization and Violence on Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adolescents. LGBT Health. 2016;3:153-61. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0037.
35. Chang FC, Lee CM, Chiu CH, Hsi WY, Huang TF, Pan YC. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013;83:454-62. doi: 10.1111/josh.12050.
36. Bauman S, Toomey RB, Walker JL. Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. J Adolesc. 2013;36:341-50. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001.
37. Salerno JM, Peter-Hagene LC. The interactive effect of anger and disgust on moral outrage and judgments. Psychol Sci. 2013;24:2069-78. doi: 10.1177/0956797613486988.
38. Ford JD, Elhai JD, Connor DF, Frueh BC. Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:545-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.212.
39. Puhl R, Luedicke J, King KM. Combating weight-based bullying in schools: is there public support for the use of litigation? J Sch Health. 2015;85:372-81. doi: 10.1111/josh.12264.
40. Bostic JQ, Brunt CC. Cornered: an approach to school bullying and cyberbullying, and forensic implications. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20:447-65. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.03.004.
41. Miller E. Prevention of and Interventions for Dating and Sexual Violence in Adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64:423-434. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.010.