Prevalence of iron deficiency due to menorrhagia in an educational institution in the area of health in Colombia
Prevalencia de ferropenia por menorragia en una institución educativa del área de la salud en Colombia
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Solano, M. H., & González, I. del C. (2015). Prevalence of iron deficiency due to menorrhagia in an educational institution in the area of health in Colombia. Journal of Medicine and Surgery Repertoire, 24(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v24.n2.2015.637
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Abstract
Menorrhagia is the most frequent cause of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age. Objective: to describe the prevalence of iron deficiency in students of the health area older than 18 years and who had not been detected. Materials and Methods: 154 medical students (age range: 18 to 36 years) were administered the questionnaire PBAC (stands for pictorial table for the estimation of menstrual bleeding). The presence of iron deficiency anemia and ferritin levels with absolute and relative frequencies are described. Results: ferropenia was detected in 15% (serum <15 ug / L), 3.25% menorrhagia (menstrual bleeding> 80 ml per cycle) and anemia in 2% (hemoglobin <12 g / dL). Conclusion: high prevalence of iron deficiency was observed. It is necessary to study the causes with programs that include promotion and evaluation of eating habits in the student population. In our study, the tool was not useful. Abbreviations: PBAC, pictorial table for estimating menstrual bleeding.
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References
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2. Dallman PR, Yip R, Johnson C. Prevalence and causes of anemia in the United States, 1976 to 1980. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 39(3):437-45.
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7. Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Roberts DC. Dietary and supplement treatment of iron deficiency results in improvements in general health and fatigue in Australian women of childbearing age. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001; 20(4):337-42.
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9. Münster K, Schmidt L, Helm P. Length and variation in the menstrual cycle-a cross-sectional study from a Danish county. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(5):422-9.
10. Chiazze L, Brayer FT, Macisco JJ, Parker MP, Duffy BJ. The length and variability of the human menstrual cycle. JAMA. 1968; 203(6):377-80.
11. Hallberg L, Nilsson L. Determination of menstrual blood loss. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1964; 16:244-8.
12. Fraser IS, Warner P, Marantos PA. Estimating menstrual blood loss in women with normal and excessive menstrual fluid volume. Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 98(5 Pt 1):806-14.
13. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85(6):977-82.
14. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, Murray GD. Menorrhagia II: is the 80-mL blood loss criterion useful in management of complaint of menorrhagia?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190(5):1224-9.
15. Higham JM, O’Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990; 97(8):734-9.
16. Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Walker TJ, O’Brien PM. Determination of total menstrual blood loss. Fertil Steril. 2001; 76(1):125-31.
17. Hallberg L, Högdahl AM, Nilsson L, Rybo G. Menstrual blood loss--a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1966; 45(3):320-51.
18. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. Reconsidering menorrhagia in gynecological practice. Is a 30-year-old definition still valid?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998; 78(1):69-72.
19. Harlow SD, Campbell OM. Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review. BJOG. 2004; 111(1):6-16.
20. Shapley M, Jordan K, Croft PR. Increased vaginal bleeding: the reasons women give for consulting primary care. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003; 23(1):48-50.
21. Barnard K, Frayne SM, Skinner KM, Sullivan LM. Health status among women with menstrual symptoms. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003; 12(9):911-9.
22. Jenkinson C, Peto V, Coulter A. Making sense of ambiguity: evaluation in internal reliability and face validity of the SF 36 questionnaire in women presenting with menorrhagia. Qual Health Care. 1996; 5(1):9-12.
23. Von Mackensen S. Quality of life in women with bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2011; 17 Suppl 1:33-7.
24. Clark TJ, Khan KS, Foon R, Pattison H, Bryan S, Gupta JK. Quality of life instruments in studies of menorrhagia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002; 104(2):96-104.
25. Youdim MB, Yehuda S. The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate system. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2000; 46(3):491-500.
26. Coulter A, Peto V, Jenkinson C. Quality of life and patient satisfaction following treatment for menorrhagia. Fam Pract. 1994; 11(4):394-401.
27. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet. 1996; 348(9033):992-6.
28. Hallberg L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Hultén L. Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women. Br J Haematol. 1993; 85(4):787-98.
29. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, Murray GD. Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and outcome in women with heavy periods: a survey with follow-up data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190(5):1216-23.
30. Vessey MP, Villard-Mackintosh L, McPherson K, Coulter A, Yeates D. The epidemiology of hysterectomy: findings in a large cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(5):402-7.
31. Oehler MK, Rees MC. Menorrhagia: an update. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003; 82(5):405-22.
32. Management of menorrhagia. BMJ. 1990; 301(6746):290-1.
33. Strain JJ, Thompson KA, Barker ME, Carville DG. Iron sufficiency in the population of Northern Ireland: estimates from blood measurements. Br J Nutr. 1990; 64(1):219-24.
34. Switoniak T, Król A. [Iron deficiency and anemia in professional working women]. Przegl Epidemiol. 1992; 46(4):379-87.
35. Calvo EB, Sosa EM. Iron status in non-pregnant women of child-bearing age living at Greater Buenos Aires. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991; 45(4):215-20.
36. Reid PC, Coker A, Coltart R. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart:a validation study. BJOG. 2000;107(3):320-2.
37. Bothwell TH, Charlton RW. Iron deficiency in women. Washington, D.C: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group; 1981 Apr. Document N.: 052386. Sponsored by the Nutrition Foundation.
2. Dallman PR, Yip R, Johnson C. Prevalence and causes of anemia in the United States, 1976 to 1980. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 39(3):437-45.
3. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998; 47(RR-3):1-29.
4. Haas JD, Brownlie T. Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. J Nutr. 2001; 131(2S-2):676S-88S; discussion 88S-90S.
5. Edgerton VR, Gardner GW, Ohira Y, Gunawardena KA, Senewiratne B. Irondeficiency anaemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns. Br Med J. 1979; 2(6204):1546-9.
6. Brock JH, Mulero V. Cellular and molecular aspects of iron and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000; 59(4):537-40.
7. Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Roberts DC. Dietary and supplement treatment of iron deficiency results in improvements in general health and fatigue in Australian women of childbearing age. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001; 20(4):337-42.
8. Murray Kolb LE. Iron status and neuropsychological consequences in women of reproductive age: what do we know and where are we headed?. J Nutr. 2011; 141(4):747S-55S.
9. Münster K, Schmidt L, Helm P. Length and variation in the menstrual cycle-a cross-sectional study from a Danish county. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(5):422-9.
10. Chiazze L, Brayer FT, Macisco JJ, Parker MP, Duffy BJ. The length and variability of the human menstrual cycle. JAMA. 1968; 203(6):377-80.
11. Hallberg L, Nilsson L. Determination of menstrual blood loss. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1964; 16:244-8.
12. Fraser IS, Warner P, Marantos PA. Estimating menstrual blood loss in women with normal and excessive menstrual fluid volume. Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 98(5 Pt 1):806-14.
13. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85(6):977-82.
14. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, Murray GD. Menorrhagia II: is the 80-mL blood loss criterion useful in management of complaint of menorrhagia?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190(5):1224-9.
15. Higham JM, O’Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990; 97(8):734-9.
16. Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Walker TJ, O’Brien PM. Determination of total menstrual blood loss. Fertil Steril. 2001; 76(1):125-31.
17. Hallberg L, Högdahl AM, Nilsson L, Rybo G. Menstrual blood loss--a population study. Variation at different ages and attempts to define normality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1966; 45(3):320-51.
18. Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. Reconsidering menorrhagia in gynecological practice. Is a 30-year-old definition still valid?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998; 78(1):69-72.
19. Harlow SD, Campbell OM. Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review. BJOG. 2004; 111(1):6-16.
20. Shapley M, Jordan K, Croft PR. Increased vaginal bleeding: the reasons women give for consulting primary care. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003; 23(1):48-50.
21. Barnard K, Frayne SM, Skinner KM, Sullivan LM. Health status among women with menstrual symptoms. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003; 12(9):911-9.
22. Jenkinson C, Peto V, Coulter A. Making sense of ambiguity: evaluation in internal reliability and face validity of the SF 36 questionnaire in women presenting with menorrhagia. Qual Health Care. 1996; 5(1):9-12.
23. Von Mackensen S. Quality of life in women with bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2011; 17 Suppl 1:33-7.
24. Clark TJ, Khan KS, Foon R, Pattison H, Bryan S, Gupta JK. Quality of life instruments in studies of menorrhagia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002; 104(2):96-104.
25. Youdim MB, Yehuda S. The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate system. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2000; 46(3):491-500.
26. Coulter A, Peto V, Jenkinson C. Quality of life and patient satisfaction following treatment for menorrhagia. Fam Pract. 1994; 11(4):394-401.
27. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet. 1996; 348(9033):992-6.
28. Hallberg L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Hultén L. Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women. Br J Haematol. 1993; 85(4):787-98.
29. Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, Murray GD. Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and outcome in women with heavy periods: a survey with follow-up data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190(5):1216-23.
30. Vessey MP, Villard-Mackintosh L, McPherson K, Coulter A, Yeates D. The epidemiology of hysterectomy: findings in a large cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 99(5):402-7.
31. Oehler MK, Rees MC. Menorrhagia: an update. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003; 82(5):405-22.
32. Management of menorrhagia. BMJ. 1990; 301(6746):290-1.
33. Strain JJ, Thompson KA, Barker ME, Carville DG. Iron sufficiency in the population of Northern Ireland: estimates from blood measurements. Br J Nutr. 1990; 64(1):219-24.
34. Switoniak T, Król A. [Iron deficiency and anemia in professional working women]. Przegl Epidemiol. 1992; 46(4):379-87.
35. Calvo EB, Sosa EM. Iron status in non-pregnant women of child-bearing age living at Greater Buenos Aires. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991; 45(4):215-20.
36. Reid PC, Coker A, Coltart R. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart:a validation study. BJOG. 2000;107(3):320-2.
37. Bothwell TH, Charlton RW. Iron deficiency in women. Washington, D.C: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group; 1981 Apr. Document N.: 052386. Sponsored by the Nutrition Foundation.