Infección materna, preeclampsia temprana y sepsis neonatal: ¿Secuencia o casualidad?
Maternal infection, early preeclampsia and neonatal sepsis: Sequence or chance?
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Carmona, V., Cristo, J., Colmenares, A., & Saavedra, N. (2015). Infección materna, preeclampsia temprana y sepsis neonatal: ¿Secuencia o casualidad?. Revista Repertorio De Medicina Y Cirugía, 24(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v24.n1.2015.647
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
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Artículo de revisión mediante búsqueda de literatura en inglés y español en las principales bases de datos de ciencias de la salud: Pubmed, Ovid, Ebsco host y Elsevier. Se seleccionaron las referencias más relevantes y de preferencia con un tiempo de publicación inferior a cinco años, las de mayor antigüedad fueron artículos pioneros en la temática a menudo citados en las demás referencias. Se escogieron artículos de revisión y originales. El objetivo es revisar la relación de la infección amniótica con el origen de la preeclampsia y la sepsis neonatal. Abreviaturas: PRE-E, preeclampsia.
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1. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Lams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008; 371: 75-84
2. Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Bhutta Z, JM Belizán, Reddy UM, Rubens CE, et al. Stillbirths: the vision for 2020. Lancet. 2011; 377: 1798-805
3. Ringer S, Norwitz E, Robinson J. Core concepts: understanding term and preterm labor: mechanisms, course, and attempts at suppression. Neoreviews. 2012; 13;e642
4. McElrath TF, Hecht JL, Dammann O, Boggess K, Onderdonk A, Markenson G, et al. Pregnancy disorders that lead to delivery before the 28th week of gestation: an epidemiologic approach to classification. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:980-89
5. Corchia C, Ferrante P, Da Frè M, Di Lallo D, Gagliardi L, Carnielli V, et al. Cause-specific mortality of very preterm infants and antenatal events. J Pediatr. 2013; 162(6): 1125-32
6. Gadzinowski J, Mazela J, Papiernik E, Draper ES, Kollée LA, Agostino R, Zeitlin J. International perspectives: the european MOSAIC cohort of very preterm births a polish perspective. Neoreviews. 2010;11:543-50
7. Guinn D, Gibbs R. Infection-related preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Neoreviews. 2002;3: 86-95
8. Goldenberg R, McClure E, Saleem S, Reddy U. Infection-related stillbirths. Lancet. 2010; 375: 1482-90
9. Pasca A, Penn A. The placenta: the lost neuroendocrine organ. Neoreviews. 2010;11: 64-77
10. McDonnold M, Olson G. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, management, and maternal and fetal Sequelae. Neoreviews. 2013;14: 4-12
11. Von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Krajden M, Alasaly K, Popovska V, Devarakonda R, Money D, et al. Levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are increased in early onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2003; 110: 725-30.
12. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;198 (1):7-22.
13. Karmon A, Sheiner E. The relationship between urinary tract infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia: causal, confounded or spurious?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008; 277(6): 479-481.
14. Gomez LM, Parry S. Trophoblast infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with placental dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 200(5): 526e1-7.
15. DiGiulio DB, Gervasi M, Romero R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preeclampsia as assessed by cultivation and sequence-based methods. J Perinat Med. 2010; 38(5): 503-513.
16. DiGiulio DB, Gervasi M, Romero R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age fetuses. J Perinat Med. 2010; 38(5): 495-502.
17. Bamberg C, Fotopoulou C, Thiem D, Roehr C, Dudenhausen J W, Kalache KD. Correlation of midtrimester amniotic fluid cytokine concentrations with adverse pregnancy outcome in terms of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(6): 812-17.
18. Marusic J, Kuzmic I, Zekic S, Resic J, Roje D. Expression of inflammatory cytokines in placentas from pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013; 26(7): 680-85.
19. Vinnars MT, Wijnaendts LC, Westgren M, Bolte AC, Papadogiannakis N, Nasiell J. Severe preeclampsia with and without HELLP differ with regard to placental pathology. Hypertension. 2008; 51(5), 1295-99.
20. Xie F, Hu Y, Magee L, Money D, Patrick D, Brunham R, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2010; 29(04): 468-77.
21. Chrisoulidou A, Goulis D, Iliadou P, Dave J, Bili H, Simms C et al. Acute and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in pregnancy complicated with preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2011; 30(2): 164-68.
22. Goldenberg R, Andrews W, Goepfer A, Faye-Petersen O, Cliver S, Carlo W, et al. The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: Umbilical cord blood Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis cultures in very preterm newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198(1): 43e1-5.
23. Bastek J, Gómez L, Elovitz M. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Clin Perinatol. 2011; 38(3): 385-406.
24. Grigsby P, Novy M, Sadowsky D, Morgan T, Long M, Acosta E, et al. Maternal azithromycin therapy for Ureaplasma intra-amniotic infection delays preterm delivery and reduces fetal lung injury in a primate model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 207: 475e1-14
25. Todros T, Verdiglione P, Oggè G, Paladini D, Vergani P, Cardaropoli S. Low incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women treated with spiramycin for toxoplasma infection. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 61(3): 336-40.
26. Gervasi MT, Romero R, Bracalente G, Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Dong Z, et al. Viral invasion of the amniotic cavity (VIAC) in the midtrimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(10): 2002-13.
27. Kim CJ, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Yoo W, Dong Z, Topping V, Kim, et al. The frequency, clinical significance, and pathological features of chronic chorioamnionitis: a lesion associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Mod Pathol. 2010; 23(7):1000-11
28. Verma RP, Kaplan C, Southerton K, Niwas R, Verma R, Fang H. Placental histopathology in the extremely low birth weight infants. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2008; 27(2): 53-61.
29. Reilly S, Faye-Petersen OM. Chorioamnionitis and funisitis: their implications for the neonate. Neoreviews. 2008; 9; e411.
30. Viscardi RM. Ureaplasma species: role in diseases of prematurity. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37(2): 393-409.
31. Procianoy RS, Silveira RC, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Souza Rugolo LM, Leone CR, de Andrade Lopes JM, et al. Sepsis and neutropenia in very low birth weight infants delivered of mothers with preeclampsia. J Pediatr. 2010; 157(3): 434-38.
32. Bhaumik S, Ghosh S, Haldar K, Mitra P, Manna B. Risk of early onset neonatal septicemia in babies born to mothers with pre-eclampsia. Indian Pediatr. 2000; 37: 775-79.
33. Suppo de Souza Rugolo LM, Bentlin MR, Petean Trindade CE. Preeclampsia early and late neonatal outcomes. NeoReviews. 2012; 13(9): e532-41.
34. Moallem M, Koenig JM. Preeclampsia and neonatal neutropenia. Neoreviews. 2009; 10: e454.
35. Fonseca LT, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS. Ureaplasma bacteremia in very low birth weight infants in Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011; 30(12): 1052-55.
36. Ferrazzi E, Muggiasca ML, Fabbri E, Fontana P, Castoldi F, Lista G, et al. Assessment of fetal inflammatory syndrome by “classical” markers in the management of preterm labor: a possible lesson from metabolomics and system biology. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25 (S5), 54-61.
37. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T. Preterm labor, intrauterine infection, and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Neoreviews. 2002; 3: e73.
38. Amin S, Hongyue W. Histologic chorioamnionitis and acute neurologic impairment in premature infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010; 23(10): 1165-71.
39. Cosar H, Ozer E, Topel H, Kahramaner Z, Turkoglu E, Erdemir A, Ozer EA. Neuronal apoptosis in the neonates born to preeclamptic mothers. The J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013; 26(11): 1443-6.
40. Casciaro A, Arcuri F, Occhini R, Toti MS, De Felice C, Toti P. Expression of placental neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in physiological pregnancy, preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis. Clin Med Pathol. 2009; 2: 9-15.
41. Mwaniki MK, Atieno M, Lawn JE, Newton CR. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet. 2012; 379 (9814), 445-52.
42. Habli M, Levine RJ, Qian C, Sibai B. Neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and in normotensive pregnancies that delivered at 35, 36, or 37 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct; 197(4):406.e1-7.
43. Jelin AC, Kaimal AJ, Kuzniewicz M, Little SE, Cheng YW, Caughey AB. Preterm preeclampsia: 32 to 37 weeks gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Nov;25(11):2198-201.
44. Basso O, Rasmussen S, Weinberg CR, Wilcox AJ, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R. Trends in fetal and infant survival following preeclampsia. JAMA. 2006; 296(11): 1357-62.
45. Suppo de Souza L, Bentlin M, Petean C. Preeclampsia: effect on the fetus and newborn. Neoreviews. 2011; 12; e198.
46. Bonanno C, Wapner RJ. Antenatal corticosteroids in the management of preterm birth: are we back where we started?. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2012; 39(1):47-63.
47. Schlapbach LJ, Ersch J, Adams M, Bernet V, Bucher HU, Latal B. Impact of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants below 32 weeks gestational age. Acta Paediatr. 2010; 99(10): 1504-9.
48. Minassian C, Thomas SL, Williams DJ, Campbell O, Smeeth L. Acute maternal infection and risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study. PloS one. 2013; 8(9): e73047.
49. Mostajeran F, Arbabi B. Is there any difference between preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women regarding the presence of periopathogenic bacteria in the placenta?. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(3): 322-6.
50. Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: 2-year outcomes. Pediatrics. 2012; 126(5): e1045-55.
2. Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Bhutta Z, JM Belizán, Reddy UM, Rubens CE, et al. Stillbirths: the vision for 2020. Lancet. 2011; 377: 1798-805
3. Ringer S, Norwitz E, Robinson J. Core concepts: understanding term and preterm labor: mechanisms, course, and attempts at suppression. Neoreviews. 2012; 13;e642
4. McElrath TF, Hecht JL, Dammann O, Boggess K, Onderdonk A, Markenson G, et al. Pregnancy disorders that lead to delivery before the 28th week of gestation: an epidemiologic approach to classification. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:980-89
5. Corchia C, Ferrante P, Da Frè M, Di Lallo D, Gagliardi L, Carnielli V, et al. Cause-specific mortality of very preterm infants and antenatal events. J Pediatr. 2013; 162(6): 1125-32
6. Gadzinowski J, Mazela J, Papiernik E, Draper ES, Kollée LA, Agostino R, Zeitlin J. International perspectives: the european MOSAIC cohort of very preterm births a polish perspective. Neoreviews. 2010;11:543-50
7. Guinn D, Gibbs R. Infection-related preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Neoreviews. 2002;3: 86-95
8. Goldenberg R, McClure E, Saleem S, Reddy U. Infection-related stillbirths. Lancet. 2010; 375: 1482-90
9. Pasca A, Penn A. The placenta: the lost neuroendocrine organ. Neoreviews. 2010;11: 64-77
10. McDonnold M, Olson G. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, management, and maternal and fetal Sequelae. Neoreviews. 2013;14: 4-12
11. Von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Krajden M, Alasaly K, Popovska V, Devarakonda R, Money D, et al. Levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are increased in early onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2003; 110: 725-30.
12. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;198 (1):7-22.
13. Karmon A, Sheiner E. The relationship between urinary tract infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia: causal, confounded or spurious?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008; 277(6): 479-481.
14. Gomez LM, Parry S. Trophoblast infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with placental dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 200(5): 526e1-7.
15. DiGiulio DB, Gervasi M, Romero R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preeclampsia as assessed by cultivation and sequence-based methods. J Perinat Med. 2010; 38(5): 503-513.
16. DiGiulio DB, Gervasi M, Romero R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age fetuses. J Perinat Med. 2010; 38(5): 495-502.
17. Bamberg C, Fotopoulou C, Thiem D, Roehr C, Dudenhausen J W, Kalache KD. Correlation of midtrimester amniotic fluid cytokine concentrations with adverse pregnancy outcome in terms of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(6): 812-17.
18. Marusic J, Kuzmic I, Zekic S, Resic J, Roje D. Expression of inflammatory cytokines in placentas from pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013; 26(7): 680-85.
19. Vinnars MT, Wijnaendts LC, Westgren M, Bolte AC, Papadogiannakis N, Nasiell J. Severe preeclampsia with and without HELLP differ with regard to placental pathology. Hypertension. 2008; 51(5), 1295-99.
20. Xie F, Hu Y, Magee L, Money D, Patrick D, Brunham R, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2010; 29(04): 468-77.
21. Chrisoulidou A, Goulis D, Iliadou P, Dave J, Bili H, Simms C et al. Acute and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in pregnancy complicated with preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2011; 30(2): 164-68.
22. Goldenberg R, Andrews W, Goepfer A, Faye-Petersen O, Cliver S, Carlo W, et al. The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: Umbilical cord blood Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis cultures in very preterm newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198(1): 43e1-5.
23. Bastek J, Gómez L, Elovitz M. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Clin Perinatol. 2011; 38(3): 385-406.
24. Grigsby P, Novy M, Sadowsky D, Morgan T, Long M, Acosta E, et al. Maternal azithromycin therapy for Ureaplasma intra-amniotic infection delays preterm delivery and reduces fetal lung injury in a primate model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 207: 475e1-14
25. Todros T, Verdiglione P, Oggè G, Paladini D, Vergani P, Cardaropoli S. Low incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women treated with spiramycin for toxoplasma infection. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 61(3): 336-40.
26. Gervasi MT, Romero R, Bracalente G, Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Dong Z, et al. Viral invasion of the amniotic cavity (VIAC) in the midtrimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(10): 2002-13.
27. Kim CJ, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Yoo W, Dong Z, Topping V, Kim, et al. The frequency, clinical significance, and pathological features of chronic chorioamnionitis: a lesion associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Mod Pathol. 2010; 23(7):1000-11
28. Verma RP, Kaplan C, Southerton K, Niwas R, Verma R, Fang H. Placental histopathology in the extremely low birth weight infants. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2008; 27(2): 53-61.
29. Reilly S, Faye-Petersen OM. Chorioamnionitis and funisitis: their implications for the neonate. Neoreviews. 2008; 9; e411.
30. Viscardi RM. Ureaplasma species: role in diseases of prematurity. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37(2): 393-409.
31. Procianoy RS, Silveira RC, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Souza Rugolo LM, Leone CR, de Andrade Lopes JM, et al. Sepsis and neutropenia in very low birth weight infants delivered of mothers with preeclampsia. J Pediatr. 2010; 157(3): 434-38.
32. Bhaumik S, Ghosh S, Haldar K, Mitra P, Manna B. Risk of early onset neonatal septicemia in babies born to mothers with pre-eclampsia. Indian Pediatr. 2000; 37: 775-79.
33. Suppo de Souza Rugolo LM, Bentlin MR, Petean Trindade CE. Preeclampsia early and late neonatal outcomes. NeoReviews. 2012; 13(9): e532-41.
34. Moallem M, Koenig JM. Preeclampsia and neonatal neutropenia. Neoreviews. 2009; 10: e454.
35. Fonseca LT, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS. Ureaplasma bacteremia in very low birth weight infants in Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011; 30(12): 1052-55.
36. Ferrazzi E, Muggiasca ML, Fabbri E, Fontana P, Castoldi F, Lista G, et al. Assessment of fetal inflammatory syndrome by “classical” markers in the management of preterm labor: a possible lesson from metabolomics and system biology. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25 (S5), 54-61.
37. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T. Preterm labor, intrauterine infection, and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Neoreviews. 2002; 3: e73.
38. Amin S, Hongyue W. Histologic chorioamnionitis and acute neurologic impairment in premature infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010; 23(10): 1165-71.
39. Cosar H, Ozer E, Topel H, Kahramaner Z, Turkoglu E, Erdemir A, Ozer EA. Neuronal apoptosis in the neonates born to preeclamptic mothers. The J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013; 26(11): 1443-6.
40. Casciaro A, Arcuri F, Occhini R, Toti MS, De Felice C, Toti P. Expression of placental neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in physiological pregnancy, preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis. Clin Med Pathol. 2009; 2: 9-15.
41. Mwaniki MK, Atieno M, Lawn JE, Newton CR. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet. 2012; 379 (9814), 445-52.
42. Habli M, Levine RJ, Qian C, Sibai B. Neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and in normotensive pregnancies that delivered at 35, 36, or 37 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct; 197(4):406.e1-7.
43. Jelin AC, Kaimal AJ, Kuzniewicz M, Little SE, Cheng YW, Caughey AB. Preterm preeclampsia: 32 to 37 weeks gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Nov;25(11):2198-201.
44. Basso O, Rasmussen S, Weinberg CR, Wilcox AJ, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R. Trends in fetal and infant survival following preeclampsia. JAMA. 2006; 296(11): 1357-62.
45. Suppo de Souza L, Bentlin M, Petean C. Preeclampsia: effect on the fetus and newborn. Neoreviews. 2011; 12; e198.
46. Bonanno C, Wapner RJ. Antenatal corticosteroids in the management of preterm birth: are we back where we started?. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2012; 39(1):47-63.
47. Schlapbach LJ, Ersch J, Adams M, Bernet V, Bucher HU, Latal B. Impact of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants below 32 weeks gestational age. Acta Paediatr. 2010; 99(10): 1504-9.
48. Minassian C, Thomas SL, Williams DJ, Campbell O, Smeeth L. Acute maternal infection and risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study. PloS one. 2013; 8(9): e73047.
49. Mostajeran F, Arbabi B. Is there any difference between preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women regarding the presence of periopathogenic bacteria in the placenta?. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(3): 322-6.
50. Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: 2-year outcomes. Pediatrics. 2012; 126(5): e1045-55.
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