Perfil hormonal del envejecimiento muscular
Hormonal profile of muscle aging
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Becerra Urrego, R., & Galvis Rincón, J. C. (2011). Perfil hormonal del envejecimiento muscular. Revista Repertorio De Medicina Y Cirugía, 20(4), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v20.n4.2011.772
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El concepto de sarcopenia implica la pérdida de la masa y la fuerza musculares asociadas con el envejecimiento. Se produce por múltiples factores, como el daño oxidativo, pérdida de unidades motoras alfa de la médula espinal, disminución de la calidad y masa musculares, descenso de hormonas anabólicas como dehidroepiandrosterona, testosterona, estrógenos, hormona del crecimiento, factor de crecimiento ligado a la insulina tipo IGF-1, hormona paratiroidea e insulina, así como aumento de diferentes interleuquinas y del cortisol, inactividad física voluntaria y dieta hipocalórica. En esta revisión analizamos el papel de algunas hormonas que afectan el balance dinámico entre estímulos anabólicos y catabólicos en el músculo y la relación entre estos cambios hormonales y el desarrollo de sarcopenia.
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Referencias
1. Rosenberg!H. Sarcopenia: origins aod clinical relevaoce. J Nutr. 1997 May;127(5 Suppl):990S-IS.RefID: 107.
2. RosenbergIH. Summary comments: Epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. American Joumal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989;50:1231-3.RefID: 125.
3. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, Mayer J, Nair KS. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Apr; l 37(4):231-43.Ref!D: 124.
4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: Europeao consensus on definition aod diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 201O Jul;39(4):4 l 2- 23.Ref ID: 49.
5. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performaoce, and functional impairment with aging in older men aod women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):769-74.RefID: 912.
6. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Scbwartz AV, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging aod body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Oct;6l (I0):1059-64.RefID: 47.
7. Roubenoff R. The pathophysiology of wasting in the elderly. J Nutr. 1999 Jao;129(1S Suppl):256S-9S.Ref ID: 122.
8. Navarro A, López-Cepero JM, Sánchez Del Pino MJ. Skeletal muscle aod aging. Front Biosci. 2001 Jao 1;6:D26-D44.RefID: 428.
9. Kamel HK, Maas D, Duthie EH, Jr. Role of hormones in the pathogenesis and maoagement of sarcopenia. Drugs Aging. 2002;19(11):865-77.RefID: 21.
10. Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ. The endocrinology of aging. Science. I997 Oct l 7;278(5337):419-24.RefID: 282.
11. Veldhuis ID, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield Moore M, et al. Endocrine control of body composition in infaocy, childhood, and puberty. Endocr Rev. 2005 Feb;26(1):l 14-46.RefID: 116.
12. Leeuwenburgh C. Role of apoptosis in sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003 Nov;58(1l):999-1001.Ref ID: 137.
13. Sacheck JM, Ohtsuka A, McLary SC, Goldberg AL. IGF-1 stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRFI. Am J Physiol Endocrino! Metab. 2004 Oct;287(4):E591-E601.RefID: 934.
14. Thomas DR. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2010 May:26(2):331-46. Ref ID: 9.
15. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epiderniology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15;147(8):755-63.RefID: 80.
16. Guyton, Hall. Tratado de Fisiología Médica. 1O ed. McGraw-Hill. 2001;Ref ID: 935.
17. Solomon AM, Bouloux PM. Modifying musele mass - the endocrine perspective. J Endocrino!. 2006 Nov;l91(2):349-60.Ref!D: 3.
18. Carballo-Jane E, Pandit S, Santoro JC, Freund C, Luell S, Harris G, et al. Skeletal muscle: a dual system to measure glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation aod traosrepression of gene regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Feb;88(2):191- 20I.RefID: 24.
19. Rudman D. Growth hormone, body composition, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985 Nov;33(1 I):800-7.Ref!D: 102.
20. Binnerts A, DeurenbergP, Swart GR, Wilson JH, Lamberts SW. Body composition in growth hormone-deficient adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 May;55(5):9 l 8-23.Ref ID: 5.
21. Kelijman M. Age-related alterations of the growth hormone/insulin-like-growth factorI axis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Mar;39(3):295-307.RefID: 936.
22. Hoffmao AR, Kuntze JE, Baptista J, Baum HB, Baumann GP, Biller BM, et al. Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in meo and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled tria!. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2004 May:89(5):2048-56.Ref ID: 60.
23. Sadowski CL, WbeelerTT, Wang LH, Sadowski HB. GH regulation of!GF-1and suppressor of cytokine signaling gene expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology. 2001 Sep;l 42(9):3890-900.Ref!D: 937.
24. Frost RA, Nystrom GJ, Lang CH. Regulation of!GF-1 mRNA and signa! transducers and activators of transcription-3 and -5 (Stat-3 and -5) by GH in C2C12 myoblasts. Endocrinology. 2002 Feb;l 43(2):492-503.Ref ID: 54.
25. Hayashi S, Aso H, Watanabe K, Nara H, Rose MT, Ohwada S, et al. Sequence of IGF-1, IGF-11, aod HGF expression in regenerating skeletal muscle. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;l 22(5):427-34.RefID: 736.
26. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1996 Oct;l 7(5):481-517.Ref ID: 4.
27. Juul A, Bang P, Hertel NT, Main K, Dalgaard P, Jorgensen K, et a!. Serum insulin like growth factor-! in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: relation to agc, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):744-52.Ref ID: 183.
28. Hammerrnan MR. Insulin-like growth factors and aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Dec;16(4):995-101 l.Ref ID: 120.
29. Corpas E, Harroan SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev. 1993 Feb;l4(1):20-39.Ref ID: 938.
30. Thissen JP, Ketelslegers JM, Underwood LE. Nutritional regulation of the insulin like growth factors. Endocr Rev. 1994Feb;l 5(1):80-I0J.Ref ID: 72.
31. Johnson TR, Blossey BK, Denko CW, llan J. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in cultured rat hepatocytes: effects of insulin and growth hormone. Mol Endocrino!. 1989 Mar;3(3):580-7.Ref!D: 317.
32. Rutanen EM, Karkkainen T, Stenman UH, Yki-Jarvinen H. Aging is associated with decreased suppression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 by insulin. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1993 Nov;77(5):1152-5.Ref ID: 64.
33. Benbassat CA, Maki KC, Unterman TG. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 and -3 in aging men: relationships to insulin, glucose, IGF, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels and anthropometric measures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1484-9I.Ref!D: 19.
34. Janssen HC, Sarnson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):61I-5.Ref ID: 939.
35. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of Ioss of muscle strength and muscle rnass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Arnsterdam. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5766-72.Ref ID: 432.
36. Danhaive PA, Rousseau GG. Evidence for sex-dependent anabolic response to androgenic steroids rnediated by muscle glucocorticoid receptors in the rat. J Steroid Biochem. 1988 Jun;29(6):575-8I.Ref ID: 1.
37. Schwartz RS. Trophic factor supplementation: effect on the age-associated changes in body composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Nov;50 Spec No: 151-6. Ref ID: 315.
38. Perry HM, III, Miller DK, Patrick P, Morley JE. Testosterone and leptin in older African-American men: relationship to age, strength, function, and season. Metabolisrn. 2000 Aug;49(8):1085-9l.Ref ID: 27.
39. Chen Y, Zajac JO, MacLean HE. Androgen regulation of satellite cell function. J Endocrino! 2005 Jul;186(1):21-31.Ref ID: 1118.
40. Benjamín CL, Jenster G, Piedrahita JA. Use of artificial androgen receptor coactivators to alter rnyoblast proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Jul;91(3):lll-9.Ref!D: 14.
41. Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, III, Patrick P, Morley PM, Stauber PM, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997 Apr;46(4):410-3.Ref ID: 1121.
42. Gray A, Feldrnan HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone leveis in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Nov;73(5):I016-25.Ref!D: 1120.
43. Tenover JS. Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Oct;75(4):1092-8.Ref ID: 1122.
44. Korenrnan SG, Morley JE, Mooradian AD, Davis SS, Kaiser FE, Silver AJ, et al. Secondary hypogonadism in older rnen: its relation toimpotence. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1990 Oct;71(4):963-9.Ref ID: 1123.
45. Morley JE, KaiserF, Raum WJ, Perry HM, lll, FloodJF, Jensen J, el al. Potentially predictive and manipulable blood serum correlates of aging in the healthy human male: progressive decreases in bioavailable testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the ratio of insulin-like growth factor I to growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Jul 8;94(14):7537-42.Ref ID: 8.
46. Abbasi A, Duthie EH, Jr., Sheldahl L, Wilson C, Sasse E, Rudman I, el al. Association of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, body composition, and physical fitness in independent community-dwelling older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 Mar;46(3):263-73.Ref ID: 1124.
47. Grinspoon S, Corcaran C, Miller K, Biller BM, Askari H, Wang E, el al. Body composition and endocrine function in women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1332-7.Ref ID: 1125.
48. Pottratz ST, Bellido T, Mocharla H, Crabb D, Manolagas SC. 17 beta-Estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter construcls by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1994 Mar;93(3):944-50.Ref ID: 1126.
49. Ralston SH. Analysis of gene expression in human bone biopsies by polymerase chain reaction: evidence for enhanced cytokine expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Jun;9(6):883-90.Ref ID: 1127.
50. Veldhuis JO, Evans WS, Bowers CY, Anderson S. lnteractive regulation of postmenopausal growth hormone insulin-like growth factor axis by estrogen and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2. Endocrine. 2001 Feb;l4(1):45-62.Ref ID: 1128.
51. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Intem Med. 1995 Nov 1;123(9):673-5.Ref!D: 1129.
52. Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, W. Larry Kenney. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 4th ed. Champaing, IL: Human Kinetics. 2008.Ref ID: 940.
53. Stark R, Roden M. ESCJ Award 2006. Mitochondrial function and endocrine diseases. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Apr;37(4):236-48.Ref ID: 2.
54. Argov Z, Renshaw PF, Boden B, Winokur A, Bank WJ. Effects ofthyroid hormones on skeletal muscle bioenergetics. In vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of humans and rats. J Clin Invest. 1988 Jun;81(6):1695-701. Ref ID: 1130.
55. Kbaleeli AA, Griffith DG, Edwards RH. Tbe clinical presentation of hypothyroid myopathy and its relationship to abnormalities instructure and function of skeletal muscle. Clin Endocrino! (Oxf). 1983 Sep;19(3):365-76.Ref!D: J 131
56. Weitzel JM, Iwen KA, Seitz HJ. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by thyroid hormone. Exp Physiol. 2003 Jan;88(1):121-8.Ref ID: 1132.
57. Min Kyong Moon YJLSHC. Subclinical Hypothyroidism has LittJe Influences on Muscle Mass or Strength in Elderly People. Joumal of Korean Medicine & Science. 2010;25(8):1176-81.Ref ID: 941.
58. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2002Feb;87(2):489-99.Ref ID: 1133.
59. O'Leary PC, Feddema PH, Michelangeli VP, Leedman PJ, Chew GT, Knuiman M, et al. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies based on a community health survey: the Busselton thyroid study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jan;64(1 ):97-104. Ref!D: 175.
60. Kbaleeli AA, Edwards RH. Effect of treatment on skeletal rnuscle dysfunction in hypothyroidism. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984 Jan;66(1):63-8.Ref!D: 1134.
2. RosenbergIH. Summary comments: Epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. American Joumal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989;50:1231-3.RefID: 125.
3. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, Mayer J, Nair KS. Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Apr; l 37(4):231-43.Ref!D: 124.
4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: Europeao consensus on definition aod diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 201O Jul;39(4):4 l 2- 23.Ref ID: 49.
5. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performaoce, and functional impairment with aging in older men aod women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):769-74.RefID: 912.
6. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Scbwartz AV, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging aod body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Oct;6l (I0):1059-64.RefID: 47.
7. Roubenoff R. The pathophysiology of wasting in the elderly. J Nutr. 1999 Jao;129(1S Suppl):256S-9S.Ref ID: 122.
8. Navarro A, López-Cepero JM, Sánchez Del Pino MJ. Skeletal muscle aod aging. Front Biosci. 2001 Jao 1;6:D26-D44.RefID: 428.
9. Kamel HK, Maas D, Duthie EH, Jr. Role of hormones in the pathogenesis and maoagement of sarcopenia. Drugs Aging. 2002;19(11):865-77.RefID: 21.
10. Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ. The endocrinology of aging. Science. I997 Oct l 7;278(5337):419-24.RefID: 282.
11. Veldhuis ID, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield Moore M, et al. Endocrine control of body composition in infaocy, childhood, and puberty. Endocr Rev. 2005 Feb;26(1):l 14-46.RefID: 116.
12. Leeuwenburgh C. Role of apoptosis in sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003 Nov;58(1l):999-1001.Ref ID: 137.
13. Sacheck JM, Ohtsuka A, McLary SC, Goldberg AL. IGF-1 stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRFI. Am J Physiol Endocrino! Metab. 2004 Oct;287(4):E591-E601.RefID: 934.
14. Thomas DR. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2010 May:26(2):331-46. Ref ID: 9.
15. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epiderniology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15;147(8):755-63.RefID: 80.
16. Guyton, Hall. Tratado de Fisiología Médica. 1O ed. McGraw-Hill. 2001;Ref ID: 935.
17. Solomon AM, Bouloux PM. Modifying musele mass - the endocrine perspective. J Endocrino!. 2006 Nov;l91(2):349-60.Ref!D: 3.
18. Carballo-Jane E, Pandit S, Santoro JC, Freund C, Luell S, Harris G, et al. Skeletal muscle: a dual system to measure glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation aod traosrepression of gene regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Feb;88(2):191- 20I.RefID: 24.
19. Rudman D. Growth hormone, body composition, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985 Nov;33(1 I):800-7.Ref!D: 102.
20. Binnerts A, DeurenbergP, Swart GR, Wilson JH, Lamberts SW. Body composition in growth hormone-deficient adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 May;55(5):9 l 8-23.Ref ID: 5.
21. Kelijman M. Age-related alterations of the growth hormone/insulin-like-growth factorI axis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Mar;39(3):295-307.RefID: 936.
22. Hoffmao AR, Kuntze JE, Baptista J, Baum HB, Baumann GP, Biller BM, et al. Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in meo and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled tria!. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2004 May:89(5):2048-56.Ref ID: 60.
23. Sadowski CL, WbeelerTT, Wang LH, Sadowski HB. GH regulation of!GF-1and suppressor of cytokine signaling gene expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology. 2001 Sep;l 42(9):3890-900.Ref!D: 937.
24. Frost RA, Nystrom GJ, Lang CH. Regulation of!GF-1 mRNA and signa! transducers and activators of transcription-3 and -5 (Stat-3 and -5) by GH in C2C12 myoblasts. Endocrinology. 2002 Feb;l 43(2):492-503.Ref ID: 54.
25. Hayashi S, Aso H, Watanabe K, Nara H, Rose MT, Ohwada S, et al. Sequence of IGF-1, IGF-11, aod HGF expression in regenerating skeletal muscle. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;l 22(5):427-34.RefID: 736.
26. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1996 Oct;l 7(5):481-517.Ref ID: 4.
27. Juul A, Bang P, Hertel NT, Main K, Dalgaard P, Jorgensen K, et a!. Serum insulin like growth factor-! in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: relation to agc, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):744-52.Ref ID: 183.
28. Hammerrnan MR. Insulin-like growth factors and aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Dec;16(4):995-101 l.Ref ID: 120.
29. Corpas E, Harroan SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev. 1993 Feb;l4(1):20-39.Ref ID: 938.
30. Thissen JP, Ketelslegers JM, Underwood LE. Nutritional regulation of the insulin like growth factors. Endocr Rev. 1994Feb;l 5(1):80-I0J.Ref ID: 72.
31. Johnson TR, Blossey BK, Denko CW, llan J. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in cultured rat hepatocytes: effects of insulin and growth hormone. Mol Endocrino!. 1989 Mar;3(3):580-7.Ref!D: 317.
32. Rutanen EM, Karkkainen T, Stenman UH, Yki-Jarvinen H. Aging is associated with decreased suppression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 by insulin. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1993 Nov;77(5):1152-5.Ref ID: 64.
33. Benbassat CA, Maki KC, Unterman TG. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 and -3 in aging men: relationships to insulin, glucose, IGF, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels and anthropometric measures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1484-9I.Ref!D: 19.
34. Janssen HC, Sarnson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):61I-5.Ref ID: 939.
35. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of Ioss of muscle strength and muscle rnass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Arnsterdam. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5766-72.Ref ID: 432.
36. Danhaive PA, Rousseau GG. Evidence for sex-dependent anabolic response to androgenic steroids rnediated by muscle glucocorticoid receptors in the rat. J Steroid Biochem. 1988 Jun;29(6):575-8I.Ref ID: 1.
37. Schwartz RS. Trophic factor supplementation: effect on the age-associated changes in body composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Nov;50 Spec No: 151-6. Ref ID: 315.
38. Perry HM, III, Miller DK, Patrick P, Morley JE. Testosterone and leptin in older African-American men: relationship to age, strength, function, and season. Metabolisrn. 2000 Aug;49(8):1085-9l.Ref ID: 27.
39. Chen Y, Zajac JO, MacLean HE. Androgen regulation of satellite cell function. J Endocrino! 2005 Jul;186(1):21-31.Ref ID: 1118.
40. Benjamín CL, Jenster G, Piedrahita JA. Use of artificial androgen receptor coactivators to alter rnyoblast proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Jul;91(3):lll-9.Ref!D: 14.
41. Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, III, Patrick P, Morley PM, Stauber PM, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997 Apr;46(4):410-3.Ref ID: 1121.
42. Gray A, Feldrnan HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone leveis in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Nov;73(5):I016-25.Ref!D: 1120.
43. Tenover JS. Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Oct;75(4):1092-8.Ref ID: 1122.
44. Korenrnan SG, Morley JE, Mooradian AD, Davis SS, Kaiser FE, Silver AJ, et al. Secondary hypogonadism in older rnen: its relation toimpotence. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1990 Oct;71(4):963-9.Ref ID: 1123.
45. Morley JE, KaiserF, Raum WJ, Perry HM, lll, FloodJF, Jensen J, el al. Potentially predictive and manipulable blood serum correlates of aging in the healthy human male: progressive decreases in bioavailable testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the ratio of insulin-like growth factor I to growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Jul 8;94(14):7537-42.Ref ID: 8.
46. Abbasi A, Duthie EH, Jr., Sheldahl L, Wilson C, Sasse E, Rudman I, el al. Association of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, body composition, and physical fitness in independent community-dwelling older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 Mar;46(3):263-73.Ref ID: 1124.
47. Grinspoon S, Corcaran C, Miller K, Biller BM, Askari H, Wang E, el al. Body composition and endocrine function in women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting. J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1332-7.Ref ID: 1125.
48. Pottratz ST, Bellido T, Mocharla H, Crabb D, Manolagas SC. 17 beta-Estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter construcls by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1994 Mar;93(3):944-50.Ref ID: 1126.
49. Ralston SH. Analysis of gene expression in human bone biopsies by polymerase chain reaction: evidence for enhanced cytokine expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Jun;9(6):883-90.Ref ID: 1127.
50. Veldhuis JO, Evans WS, Bowers CY, Anderson S. lnteractive regulation of postmenopausal growth hormone insulin-like growth factor axis by estrogen and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2. Endocrine. 2001 Feb;l4(1):45-62.Ref ID: 1128.
51. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Intem Med. 1995 Nov 1;123(9):673-5.Ref!D: 1129.
52. Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, W. Larry Kenney. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 4th ed. Champaing, IL: Human Kinetics. 2008.Ref ID: 940.
53. Stark R, Roden M. ESCJ Award 2006. Mitochondrial function and endocrine diseases. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Apr;37(4):236-48.Ref ID: 2.
54. Argov Z, Renshaw PF, Boden B, Winokur A, Bank WJ. Effects ofthyroid hormones on skeletal muscle bioenergetics. In vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of humans and rats. J Clin Invest. 1988 Jun;81(6):1695-701. Ref ID: 1130.
55. Kbaleeli AA, Griffith DG, Edwards RH. Tbe clinical presentation of hypothyroid myopathy and its relationship to abnormalities instructure and function of skeletal muscle. Clin Endocrino! (Oxf). 1983 Sep;19(3):365-76.Ref!D: J 131
56. Weitzel JM, Iwen KA, Seitz HJ. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by thyroid hormone. Exp Physiol. 2003 Jan;88(1):121-8.Ref ID: 1132.
57. Min Kyong Moon YJLSHC. Subclinical Hypothyroidism has LittJe Influences on Muscle Mass or Strength in Elderly People. Joumal of Korean Medicine & Science. 2010;25(8):1176-81.Ref ID: 941.
58. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrino! Metab. 2002Feb;87(2):489-99.Ref ID: 1133.
59. O'Leary PC, Feddema PH, Michelangeli VP, Leedman PJ, Chew GT, Knuiman M, et al. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies based on a community health survey: the Busselton thyroid study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jan;64(1 ):97-104. Ref!D: 175.
60. Kbaleeli AA, Edwards RH. Effect of treatment on skeletal rnuscle dysfunction in hypothyroidism. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984 Jan;66(1):63-8.Ref!D: 1134.
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